1. Quick Chemistry Review
Potential Energy  stored energy
Covalent Bonding  sharing e-
Nonpolar = equal sharing
Polar = unequal sharing
Ionic Bonding  charged particles
Anions = negative charge
Cations = positive charge

2. Hydrogen Bonds: weak bonds
Important because molecules can come together, bond temporarily and than separate

3. I. POLYMERS  repeating units
A. Carbohydrates
* Usually in ring form in aqueous solution

4. Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

5. 2. Disaccharides: maltose, lactose, sucrose

6. 3. Polysacharides: starch, chitin, glycogen

7. B. Fats
Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
Saturated = all single bonds

8. Unsaturated = one or more double or triple bonds

9. 1. Phospholipids

10. 2. Steroids: cholesterol

11. C. Proteins
Amino group + R’ group + carboxyl group

12. Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

13. Proteins may be DENATURED by
heat pH

14. D. Nucleic Acids
DNA
RNA

15. II. METABOLISM
Catabolic = exergonic
Anabolic = endergonic

16. III. ENZYMES
Proteins = biological catalysts

17. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Cofactors

18. Enzyme Specificity
Induced Fit

19. Competitive Inhibitors
Noncompetitive Inhibitors

20. Allosteric Regulation

21. IV. WATER
polar and asymmetrical

22. 1. Cohesive
cohesion
surface tension
adhesion
2. Stabilizes Temperature
high specific heat
acts as a heat sink

23. 3. High Heat of Evaporation
evaporative cooling
4. Expands when it freezes
contributes to its use in the environment
5. Versatile Solvent
due to polarity

24. V. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A. Isomers
Structural

25. Geometric
Stereoisomers

26. B. Functional Groups
Hydroxyl
(-OH)  alcohols
Carbonyl
(-C=O)  at end = aldehyde
 in middle = ketone

27. Carboxyl
(-COOH)  carboxylic acid
Amino
(-NH2)  amines

28. Sulfhydryl
(-SH)  thiol
Phosphate
(-PO4)  organic phosphate