1. Nanocrystals seed calcification in more ways than one
Diane Proudfoot, Catherine M. Shanahan 
Kidney International 
Volume 79, Issue 4, Pages (February 2011)
DOI: /ki
Copyright © 2011 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Model showing pathways activated in vascular smooth muscle cells in response to elevated phosphate. In this model, uptake of phosphate (P) via Pit-1 may act to drive vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic change via upregulation of the key transcription factor Runx2. These secretory VSMCs are able to adapt to the conditions, but loss of inhibitors and cell death will promote nanocrystal deposition. Once this occurs, uptake of nanocrystals initiates a new cycle of apoptosis, inflammation, and osteogenic gene expression, with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) able to drive calcification in surrounding cells. MGP, matrix Gla protein.
Kidney International  , DOI: ( /ki )
Copyright © 2011 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions