1. 1-1 (part 2) The Two Worlds of Christendom
Key Terms and People

2. Key Terms and People
Germanic Tribes- Tribal people in western Europe, sometimes referred to as “goths” or “barbarians” by the Romans. After Rome fell, it was replaced in Western Europe by a series of Germanic Kingdoms
Franks- The most important and successful of the Germanic groups. Established a large kingdom in western Europe
Clovis- Frankish king who took out what was left of the Roman Empire in Western Europe. Converted to Christianity (Roman Catholic)
Roman Catholic- the name of the Christian Church centered in Rome. Headed by the Pope
Charles Martel- Frankish King; nicknamed “The Hammer”. Established large regional kingdom in western Europe, the Carolingian Empire.
Battle of Tours- Martel led the Franks (Christians) against the invading Spanish Moors (Muslims). This halted the expansion of Islam in Europe and made Martel a hero among European Christians

3. Key Terms and People
Charlemagne- Grandson of Martel. Expanded Frankish kingdom. Promoted education and Christianity. Crowned Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800.
Messi Dominici- Envoy of the Lord Ruler. Charlemagne ’s imperial officers who traveled to all parts of his kingdom to carry out his orders.
Louis the Pious- The last Frankish ruler. He split up his kingdom among his three sons.
Magyars- Hungarian invaders who fought with the Franks

4. Key Terms and People
Vikings- Scandinavian invaders who attacked European cities and villages along the Atlantic Coast, the Mediterranean, and even rivers, causing a need for protection throughout Europe.
Scandenavia- Norway, Sweden, Denmark
Feudalism- A system of obligations and protections established in medieval Europe.
loyalty, service
A gift of land (fief)
loyalty, service
A gift of land (fief)
Grain, loyalty, service
Protection

5. Key Terms and People
Serf- A peasant farmer legally bound to the land on which they work. Different from a slave. A slave moves when the master moves; a serf stays on the land and works it for the new owner.
Manor- (or manor system or manorial system). The economics of feudalsim. Serfs work the land for a noble (the lord). They keep some crops for themselves, and send the rest to be sold by the lord for profit.
St. Benedict- Wrote rules for monks to live by: poverty, chastity, and obedience.
St. Scholastica- Wrote rules for nuns to live by.
Holy Roman Empire- Not really Holy, or Roman, or much of an Empire A loose confederation of German states oversaw by the Holy Roman Emperor (a title usually held by an Austrian).
Otto of Saxony- The first Holy Roman Emperor.
Heavy Plow- Farming innovation. Led to more crops. More crops = More food. More food = an increase in population
Papacy- (or papal) Having to do with the Pope

6. Key Terms and People Hegemony- dominance/power
Centralized/decentralized governments- Centralized: Single person (like a king) calls the shots. Decentralized: when the king shares power with local officials, like in feudalism.
Visogoths, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Burgundians- Different Germanic tribes
Gaul- What Romans called France.
Bavaria- part of Germany.
Hastened- Quickened. Made it happen faster
Newfoundland- Viking settlement in North America, settled nearly 500 years before Columbus.
Reciprocal- a mutually beneficial relationship. Think about symbiotic relationships from biology

7. Key Terms and People Contingent- group within a group
Chattel slavery- When slaves are legally property rather than people who happen to be slaves
Scholastic centers- Medieval universities/schools. Usually run by the church to educate both the wealthy nobility and the clergy (monks, priests, etc).