1. KINGDOM PLANTAE Vascular Plants Phylum Tracheophyta Seeds
Subphylum Spermopsida
Seeds ‘naked’
Seeds enclosed
Class Angiospermidia
Class Gymnospermidia
Sub Class Magnoliopsida
DICOTS
Sub Class Liliopsida
MONOCOTS

2. Summary of Class Angiospermidia
True roots (with vascular tissue)
Reproduction without water (evolved flower)
Protective covering around embryo (seed) – can survive winter
Improved conducting tissue: thicker and stronger xylem. Became taller.

3. Class Angiospermidia ‘enclosed seeds’ (flowering plants)
Evolved (from a Gingko like tree) approximately 135 million years ago in the JURASSIC ERA.
,000 to 300,000 species (90% of Kingdom Plantae)
3. Ubiquitous (found everywhere)
4. Not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction (use pollinators). This greatly increased their chances of survival.

4. 5. Made improvements in reproduction to occupy areas vacated by the ferns. Adapted to more moderate climates.
~        Made improvements to occupy areas vacated by the ferns by adapting to more moderate climates; the main improvements were in the area of reproduction.
Flowering plants are not as dependent on wind as a means of reproduction. This increased their chances of survival

9. PISTIL (female) is made up of:
Stigma – sticky and ‘catches’ pollen
Style – carries pollen to the ovary
Ovary – contains the eggs.
Ovule – surrounds the eggs

10. STAMEN (male) is made up of:
Anthers – produce pollen
Filament – raises anthers in the air

11. ACCESSORY ORGANS: function in attracting the ‘VECTOR’ (pollinator/ seed distributor) with colour, odor and nectar.
Petal: brightly coloured to attract vector
Sepal: ‘leaves’; protects flower when it’s closed up
Receptacle: releases odour
Nectar: found at the base of the ovary

13. Pollen Small amount of pollen as compared to conifers.
Less energy required.
More energy is in the flower to ensure precise cross-pollination.

14. FERTILIZATION
A specific pollen lands on the stigma and grows a pollen tube to the ovary.
One sperm (gametophyte) will fertilize the egg (gametophyte) to form a zygote.
After fertilization, the zygote will grow to form an embryo.
A 2nd sperm fertilizes a diploid ENDOSPERM cell and this becomes triploid (3N).
It grows rapidly, fills the ovule (which surrounds the embryo) and eventually becomes the SEED.

15. Double fertilization
1 pollen grain (sperm) fertilizes the egg to form a zygote becomes an embryo
Another pollen grain fertilizes a polar nuclei  endosperm (food for the zygote)
endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most of the flowering plants following fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition

17. Leaves: reticulate or parallel venation
More developed vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

18. Monocots vs Dicots

19. Dicots (ie: rose, apple trees…)
Two seed cotelydons
Germinates and puts off 2 leaves
Has a netted vein pattern
Contains annuals, bi-annuals (2 years), perennials (every year)
Herbaceous & woody forms
Also:
Vascular bundles in a ring in the stem
Taproot system

22. Monocots (ie: grass, grains, onions, lilies, tulips…)
One seed cotelydon
Germinates and puts off 1 leaf
Has a parallel vein pattern
Mostly annuals (grow 1 year and die)
All are Herbaceous (non-woody)
Also:
Scattered vascular bundles in the stem
Fibrous root system

27. POLLINATORS
                              

28. SEED DISPERSAL

29. Uses for Angiosperms Remove CO2 and add O2 to atmosphere
ALL the food we eat (except that which we have already mentioned) including MEAT.
The majority of our medicines
Some are poisonous (rosary bean and castor bean)
Beauty and inspiration
the most insidious plant toxins affecting people are lectins, extremely poisonous proteins including ricin from the seeds of castor bean (Ricinus communis) and abrin from the seeds of rosary bean (Abrus precatorius). Of course, their degree of toxicity depends on how they are administered. It has been estimated that gram for gram, ricin is 6,000 times more poisonous than cyanide and 12,000 times more poisonous than rattlesnake venom. A dose of ricin weighing only two millionths of an ounce (roughly equivalent to the weight of a single grain of table salt from a salt shaker) is enough to kill a 160 pound person.
Drugs
Paper and clothes
Building materials (birch, maple, oak)