1. Figurative Language
“Figuring it Out”

2. Figurative and Literal Language
Literally: words function exactly as defined
The car is blue.
He caught the football.
Figuratively: figure out what it means
I’ve got your back.
You’re a doll.
^Figures of Speech

3. Comparison of two things using “like” or “as.”
Simile
Comparison of two things using “like” or “as.”
Examples
The metal twisted like a ribbon.
She is as sweet as candy.

4. A comparison must be made.
Important!
Using “like” or “as” doesn’t make a simile.
A comparison must be made.
Not a Simile: I like pizza.
Simile: The moon is like a pizza.

5. Metaphor Two things are compared without using “like” or “as.”
Examples
All the world is a stage.
Men are dogs.
Her heart is stone.

6. Personification Giving human traits to objects or ideas. Examples
The sunlight danced.
Water on the lake shivers.
The streets are calling me.

7. Exaggerating to show strong feeling or effect.
Hyperbole
Exaggerating to show strong feeling or effect.
Examples
I will love you forever.
My house is a million miles away.
She’d kill me.

8. Understatement Expression with less strength than expected.
The opposite of hyperbole.
I’ll be there in one second.
This won’t hurt a bit.

9. Onomatopoeia
A word that “makes” a sound
SPLAT
PING
SLAM
POP
POW

10. Idiom A saying that isn’t meant to be taken literally.
Doesn’t “mean” what it says
Don’t be a stick in the mud!
You’re the apple of my eye.
I have an ace up my sleeve.

11. Pun A form of “word play” in which words have a double meaning.
I wondered why the baseball was getting bigger and then it hit me.
I’m reading a book about anti-gravity. It’s impossible to put it down.
I was going to look for my missing watch, but I didn’t have the time.

12. Proverb A figurative saying in which a bit of “wisdom” is given.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away
The early bird catches the worm

13. Oxymoron
When two words are put together that contradict each other. “Opposites”
Jumbo Shrimp
Pretty Ugly
Freezer Burn

14. Kahoot Quiz
Figurative Language

15. Elements of a Story
What you need to know!

16. Story Elements Setting Characters Plot Conflict Resolution
Point of View
Theme

17. Setting
Setting is the “where and when” of a story. It is the time and place during which the story takes place.

18. Setting Time and place are where the action occurs
Details that describe:
Furniture
Scenery
Customs
Transportation
Clothing
Dialects
Weather
Time of day
Time of year

19. The Functions of a Setting
To create a mood or atmosphere
To show a reader a different way of life
To make action seem more real
To be the source of conflict or struggle
To symbolize an idea

20. Romeo and Juliet
Two households, both alike in dignity, In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes. A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life; Whole misadventured piteous overthrows. Do with their death bury their parents’ strife. The fearful passage of their death-mark’d love, And the continuance of their parents’ rage, Which, but their children’s end, nought could remove, Is now the two hours’ traffic of our stage; The which if you with patient ears attend, What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.
Romeo and Juliet

21. Mood
Mood is the feeling that the author tries to convey throughout the story. The atmosphere or emotional condition created by the piece, within the setting. Does the author want the reader to be frightened or sad, or does the story make the reader laugh and think happy thoughts?
To figure out mood, examine how you feel while reading the story. Often mood is conveyed by the story’s setting.

22. Romeo and Juliet JULIET: Ay me! ROMEO: She speaks:
O, speak again, bright angel! for thou art
As glorious to this night, being o’er my head
As is a winged messenger of heaven
Unto the white-upturned wondering eyes
Of mortals that fall back to gaze on him
When he bestrides the lazy-pacing clouds
And sails upon the bosom of the air.
JULIET: O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?
Deny thy father and refuse thy name;
Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,
And I’ll no longer be a Capulet.
ROMEO:
[Aside]
Shall I hear more, or shall I speak
at this?

23. Characters
The person, animals, and things participating in a story

24. Characters Protagonist and antagonist are used to describe characters.
The protagonist is the main character of the story, the one with whom the reader identifies. This person is not necessary “good”.
The antagonist is the force in opposition of the protagonist; this person may not be “bad” or “evil”, but he/she opposes the protagonist in a significant way

25. Characters
PARIS: a young nobleman, kinsman to the prince. An old man, cousin to Capulet. (SECOND CAPULET)
ROMEO: son to Montague.
MERCUTIO: kinsman to the prince, and friend to Romeo.
BENVOLIO: nephew to Montague, and friend to Romeo.
TYBALT: nephew to Lady Capulet.
MONTAGUE/CAPULET: heads of two houses at variance with each other.
LADY MONTAGUE: wife to Montague.
LADY CAPULET: wife to Capulet.
JULIET: daughter to Capulet.

26. Plot (definition)
Plot is the organized pattern or sequence of events that make up a story.
Plot is the literary element that describes the structure of a story. It shows arrangement of events and actions within a story.

27. Parts of a Plot
Exposition - introduction; characters, setting and conflict (problem) are introduced
Rising Action- events that occur as result of central conflict
Climax- highest point of interest or suspense of a story
Falling Action - tension eases; events show the results of how the main character begins to resolve the conflict
Resolution- loose ends are tied up; the conflict is solved

28. Plot Diagram 3 4 2 1 5

29. Exposition
This usually occurs at the beginning of a short story. Here the characters are introduced. We also learn about the setting of the story. Most importantly, we are introduced to the main conflict (main problem).

30. 2. Rising Action
This part of the story begins to develop the conflict(s). A building of interest or suspense occurs and leads to the climax. Complications arise

31. 3. Climax
This is the turning point of the story. Usually the main character comes face to face with a conflict. The main character will change in some way. This is the most intense moment.

32. 4. Falling Action
Action that follows the climax and ultimately leads to the resolution

33. 5. Resolution The conclusion; all loose ends are tied up.
Either the character defeats the problem, learns to live with the problem, or the problem defeats the character.

34. Putting It All Together
1. Exposition
2. Rising Action
3. Climax
4. Falling Action
5. Resolution
Beginning of Story
Middle of Story
End of Story

35. Diagram of Plot Climax Falling Action Development/ Rising Action
Introduction/ Exposition
Resolution
Setting, characters, and conflict are introduced

37. Special Techniques used in a Story
Suspense- excitement, tension, curiosity
Foreshadowing- hint or clue about what will happen in story
Flashback- interrupts the normal sequence of events to tell about something that happened in the past
Symbolism – use of specific objects or images to represent ideas
Personification – when you make a thing,
idea or animal do something only humans do
Surprise Ending - conclusion that reader
does not expect

38. Conflict
Conflict is the dramatic struggle between two forces in a story. Without conflict, there is no plot.

39. Conflict
Conflict is a problem that must be solved; an issue between the protagonist and antagonist forces. It forms the basis of the plot.
Conflicts can be external or internal
External conflict- outside force may be person, group, animal, nature, or a nonhuman obstacle
Internal conflict- takes place in a character’s mind

40. Types of External Conflict
Character vs Character
Character vs Nature
Character vs Society
Character vs Fate
Character vs Machine

41. Type of Internal Conflict
Character vs. Self

42. Point of View
First Person Point of View- a character from the story is telling the story; uses the pronouns “I” and “me”
Third Person Point of View- an outside narrator is telling the story; uses the pronouns “he”, “she”, “they”

43. Types of Third-Person Point of View
Third-Person Limited
The narrator knows the thoughts and feelings on only ONE character in a story.
Third-Person Omniscient
The narrator knows the thoughts and feeling of ALL the characters in a story.

44. Theme
The theme is the central, general message, the main idea, the controlling topic about life or people the author wants to get across through a literary work
To discover the theme of a story, think big. What big message is the author trying to say about the world in which we live?
What is this story telling me about how life works, or how people behave?

45. The Theme is also
the practical lesson ( moral) that we learn from a story after we read it. The lesson that teaches us what to do or how to behave after you have learned something from a story or something that has happened to you.
Example: The lesson or teaching of the story is be careful when you’re offered something for nothing.

46. Central Idea What do you mean by central idea?
Central idea is also known as main idea.
Definition: The central idea (main idea) in a piece of writing is the point that the author wants you to remember most.
Some writers may state the main idea, but it is often implied, which means the reader has to make inferences (what the text says + what I know) about it.
Just like theme in fiction, the central idea is not a topic or phrase; it is a complete sentence

47. Central Idea Where do I find the central idea?
The central (main ) idea can be found in three places:
1. in the beginning of a text
2. near the end of a text
3. not stated but implied through most the sentences

48. Compare & Contrast

49. Comparing How something is the same or similar.
How are a pencil and a piece of chalk the same?
You use both to write with.
They are both long and round.

50. Contrast How something is different. Pencil: Used to write on paper.
Color is black.
Chalk:
Used to write on a black board.
Color is white

51. Using a Venn Diagram Different Different Alike Chalk Pencil
Used to write
Used on paper
blackboard
long and round
black
white

52. Comparing & Contrasting
Reading a paragraph about two or more things can be confusing.
You can sort out the information by looking to see how they are
the same and how they are different.
Doing this can help you understand what you are reading.

53. Sharks
The great white shark lives in the deep, cold seas. It will attack large animals such as sea lions. The bull shark lives mostly in shallow waters. It is sometimes found in rivers. These sharks are both very good swimmers and hunters. Both kinds of sharks have lots of teeth.

54. Sharks This paragraph compares The great white shark and
the bull shark.
Comparing:
What kind of swimmer are both sharks?
very good
How many teeth do these sharks have?
lots of teeth
Contrasting
deep, cold seas
Where does the great white shark live?
Where does the bull shark live?
shallow waters

55. Venn Diagram Alike Bull shark Great white shark Very good swimmers
Deep, cold seas
Shallow water
Lots of teeth

56. Fox Facts
An animal’s home often affects how that animal looks. A fox that lives in the cold Arctic has thick fur. The fur of the Arctic fox is reddish brown in summer but white in winter. A kit fox lives in the desert. There the temperatures are much warmer. The kit fox stays the same brown color all year. It has bigger ears than an Arctic fox. Both kinds of foxed hunt small animals.

57. Check your answers How are the foxes alike?
C. They hunt small animals for food.
How are the foxes different?
A. The kit has bigger ears.
Another way the foxes are different
The Arctic fox’s fur changes color in the winter.

61. Making Inferences

62. Inference
Sometimes a writer will leave certain details out of a story to make it more dramatic or humorous. In these cases, it is up to the reader to draw his/her own conclusion based on the information given. These conclusions are known as inferences.

63. How to Make an Inference
Use
what you read about the characters and plot details
common sense
Your own experience to fill in the missing details.

64. How Do Good Readers Make Inferences?
How Do Good Readers Make Inferences?
They use:
Word/text clues
Picture clues
Define unknown words
Look for emotion (feelings)
Use what they already know
Look for explanations for events
ASK themselves questions!