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SPONCH What is SPONCH?
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TEXT SUPPORT 2-1
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SPONCH S= Sulfur P= Phosphorus O= Oxygen N= Nitrogen C= Carbon
6 most important elements to life S= Sulfur P= Phosphorus O= Oxygen N= Nitrogen C= Carbon H= Hydrogen
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Matter Anything that occupies space and has mass
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Element Simplest form of matter, cannot be broken down chemically into a simpler kind of matter
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Periodic Table of Elements
Organized table of elements discovered so far Organized according to atomic structure and chemical characteristics
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Atoms and Atomic Structure
Atoms are the simplest form of an element that keeps all the properties of the element
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Model of the Atom Parts of the atom:
Protons (+), Neutrons and Electrons (-) Nucleus: central core of the atom that contains Protons Neutrons Electrons orbit the nucleus
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Determining Atomic Structure Using the Periodic Table
Atomic number = # of protons and is smaller number by the symbol Atomic mass number = # of protons + # of neutrons Assume for now that protons =electrons
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Practice Element # protons # neutrons # electrons hydrogen 1 helium
helium carbon oxygen sodium chlorine argon sulfur
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Practice Element # protons # neutrons # electrons hydrogen 1 helium 2
helium 2 carbon 6 oxygen 8 sodium 11 12 chlorine 17 18 argon 22 sulfur 16
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Types of Bonds COVALENT – strong bond between elements
IONIC- attraction between elements due to opposite charges (weaker than covalent) HYDROGEN – weakest type of bond
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Covalent Sharing of electrons to fill the valence shell
Examples– methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Ionic One element gains electrons becoming ____
The other element loses electrons becoming _____________ Opposites attract Ionic compounds Dissolve easily in water EX. NaCl
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Hydrogen bonds Caused by partial positive and negative charges
Water is best example ﮦ - ﮦ +
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How does salt dissolve in water?
Na+ and Cl – Ions become attracted to the partial charges on water
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WATER CHEMISTRY 2-2
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Acids, Bases and Buffers
CHEMISTRY of WATER Acids, Bases and Buffers
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Structure and geometry of water
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Four hydrogen bonds
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PROPERTIES OF WATER Cohesion and adhesion Universal solvent
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Adhesion and Cohesion Adhesion – H bonds on water molecules attract to surfaces of another substance ex – causes meniscus shape in grad. cyclinders
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Universal Solvent
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Solutes that dissolve in water
Hydrophilic – water loving substances ions, salts, polar molecules Hydrophobic – water fearing oils, hydrocarbon chains, Nonpolar molecules
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Dissociation of Water
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pH Scale
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Element Atomic Mass Atomic Number # of protons # of neutrons
Chemistry Basics Quiz Element Atomic Mass Atomic Number # of protons # of neutrons # of electrons Li Lithium He Helium B Boron Na Sodium
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Draw the following and label as atom or compound
Carbon Water Explain the type of bond(s) formed to make a water molecule
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CARBON – the building block of life!
DRAW Carbon Carbon is able to covalently bond with up to four other elements or form double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms.
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Carbon Carbon chains make up many structures of living organisms.
Varying carbon chains’ structure and/or adding various atoms and molecules to the carbon chain will change it’s function
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MAKE CH4 * MAKE C2H6 * MAKE C2H4
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Group of 4 Make… C4H10 – two different ways
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Ring Forms of Carbons Make C4H8 with NO DOUBLE BONDS
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Add a hydroxyl group (-OH) to a 2 carbon chain
You just made ethanol – an alcohol that destroys liver cells
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MACROMOLECULES 4 Large Molecules Important to Life Carbohydrates
Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
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Stuff to know! Chapter 2-3 Chapter 2-1 Carbon chem Atomic #
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Chapter 2-1 Atomic # Atomic mass Atomic structure Ionic bonds Covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds Water chemistry Solutions,Solvents,pH polarity
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CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O)n Functions= provides energy (glucose is energy source for cells Monomers = monosaccharides Examples = glucose, fructose and galactose (all 3 = C6H12O6 so they are isomer)
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Two linked = disaccharides
Examples = sucrose (glucose and fructose) and lactose
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Polymer = polysaccharides
Examples = glycogen (animals) starch (plants)
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Why “bulk-up” on carbs? Why not eat carbs?
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CONDENSATION REACTION
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HOW WOULD THIS GET BROKEN DOWN?
HYDROLYSIS
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PROTEINS Monomers = amino acids All amino acids have R-groups differ
Amine group (NH2) Carboxyl group (COOH) R-groups differ
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Dipeptide
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FUNCTIONS of PROTEINS Structural Hormones Transport Histones
ENZYMES!!!
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Lock and Key Model
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What symptoms would you have if you had sickle cell anemia?
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1 amino acid is wrong in the hemoglobin sequence = mis-shaped RBCs
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LIPIDS MONOMERS = fatty acids Saturated Unsaturated
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COMPLEX TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPHOLIPIDS WAXES
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FUNCTIONS TRIGLYCERIDES – insulation and energy storage
PHOSPHOLIPDS – main component in cell membranes
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HARDENING OF THE ARTERIES
Fats such as cholesterol and saturated fatty acids build up in arteries What other factors contribute to arteriosclerosis?
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Concept Map Section 2-3 include that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain which contain
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Concept Map Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids
Section 2-3 Carbon Compounds include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,
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2–2 Properties of Water A. The Water Molecule
Section Outline Section 2-2 2–2 Properties of Water A. The Water Molecule 1. Polarity 2. Hydrogen Bonds B. Solutions and Suspensions 1. Solutions 2. Suspensions C.Acids, Bases, and pH 1. The pH Scale 2. Acids 3. Bases 4. Buffers
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Hydrogen bonds Caused by partial positive and negative charges
Water is best example ﮦ - ﮦ +
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Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Section 2-2 Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Water Water
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Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution Section 2-2 Cl- Cl- Na+ Na+ Water Water
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pH Scale Increasingly Basic Neutral Increasingly Acidic Section 2-2
Oven cleaner Bleach Ammonia solution Increasingly Basic Soap Sea water Human blood Neutral Pure water Milk Normal rainfall Acid rain Increasingly Acidic Tomato juice Lemon juice Stomach acid
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H2O sometimes breaks down into H+ and OH-
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Interest Grabber continued
1. What are the reactants when wood burns? Reactants are oxygen and cellulose. 2. What are the products when wood burns? Products are carbon dioxide and water 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood burns? Light and heat are given off. Some students may also mention sound (the crackling of a fire). 4. Wood doesn’t burn all by itself. What must you do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms of energy? To start a fire, you must light it with a match and kindling. You are giving the wood some energy in the form of heat. 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning. Why don’t you need to keep restarting the fire? Once the fire gets going, it gives off enough heat to start more of the wood burning. Section 2-4
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2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
Section Outline Section 2-4 2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes A. Chemical Reactions B. Energy in Reactions 1. Energy Changes 2. Activation Energy C. Enzymes D. Enzyme Action 1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex 2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
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Effect of Enzymes Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy
Section 2-4 Reaction pathway without enzyme Activation energy without enzyme Reactants Activation energy with enzyme Reaction pathway with enzyme Products
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Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4 Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Reactants Products
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Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4 Energy-Absorbing Reaction Energy-Releasing Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants Reactants Products
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Enzyme/Substrate Complex
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CATALASE AND H2O2 1. Quantitatively - rate of reactions using slope (calculations) 2. Qualitatively – explain why there are different rates? Enzyme and substrate reactions. (paragraph)
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Explain this graph
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Explain this graph
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