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Industrialization and Immigration VUS.8

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1 Industrialization and Immigration VUS.8
TEST #4 Lecture Notes

2 Settling the West Homestead Act 1862
After Civil War, settlement - Mississippi River to Pacific Ocean American cowboy, long cattle drives for hundreds of miles over unfenced open land Homestead Act 1862 Gave 160 acres of free land if you lived and improved it over a 5 year period Morrill Land Grant Act Gave land foreducational institutions that taught agriculture and mechanic arts Virginia Tech

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4 Settling the West Transcontinental Railroad
opened up vast regions of the North American heartland for settlement Linked the Union Pacific in the east to the Central Pacific in the west –Promontory Point, Utah Chinese and Irish labor

5 Transcontinental Railroad

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7 Settling the West New technologies - farming profitable Railroad
Land grants – private R.R. Mechanical Reaper Cyrus McCormick A horse drawn machine – increases output

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10 Immigration Prior to 1871, most immigrants from northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden) 1871 until 1921, most immigrants from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, present-day Hungary, and former Yugoslavia), also Asia (China and Japan)

11 Immigration Religious and political persecution
1.) Push Factors (Reasons why people left their native lands) Religious and political persecution Looking for a better opportunity Relaxed immigration laws in their own nation

12 Immigration 2.) Pull Factors (reasons to come to the US)
Freedoms – religious and political Family and friends that lived in the US Land Cheap labor for developing industry Industrialists recruitment

13 Immigration and Industrialization
Jewish Immigrants Clothing industry in New York City Chinese Immigrants Mines and Railroads Irish Immigrants Building and construction industries Slavs, Poles, and Italians Coal mines of West Virginia and Pennsylvania

14 Contributions of Immigrants
Food—Italian food, Chinese food, Irish Pubs Language—Chinese, Yiddish, Italian, Slavic Music Dress

15 Contributions of Immigrants
Irving Berlin Russian Composer Wrote “God Bless America” and “White Christmas”

16 Contributions of Immigrants
Enrico Fermi Italian Physicist – split the atom creating nuclear power

17 Contributions of Immigrants
Albert Einstein German Atomic theory Theory of Relativity Sent letters to FDR warning of Nazi work Atomic bomb

18 “Melting Pot”—Assimilation of Immigrants to the US
Problems facing immigrants Prejudices - race, language, and religion Lack of housing The language barrier Feared - take jobs for lower pay Know Nothing Party Opposed immigrants especially the Irish Catholics

19 Ellis Island New York Harbor Statue of Liberty
Nativists--people against immigration— claimed that the immigrants’ language, customs, and ideas upset the American way of life -took jobs – “we don’t hire Irish” -threat to democracy Ellis Island New York Harbor Statue of Liberty immigrant receiving station

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21 Legislation limiting immigration
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Banned Chinese immigration to the US for 10 years Immigration Restriction Act (1921) Created a quota system - restricts immigration except Northwest Europe

22 Urbanization—the Growth of Cities
Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York grew from manufacturing and transportation centers provided jobs harsh conditions – tenements Pollution Waste thrown in streets Lack of sewage – Disease Violence – lack of police New York City - Subway system Trolley system - Richmond, VA

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25 Political Machines Political machines
Created to win votes – “did favors” Did provide services especially for immigrants Tammany Hall – New York City

26 Industrial Revolution
Electricity—Light Bulb—Thomas Edison Bessemer Process—Henry Bessemer Method of making cheaper steel Assembly Line— Pioneered by Henry Ford - cars became more affordable Airplane—Wright Brothers First powered flight Telephone—Alexander Graham Bell Communication over long distances Railroads—Cornelius Vanderbilt transport raw materials and finished goods

27 Thomas Edison

28 Henry Bessemer

29 Henry Ford

30 Wright Brothers Video

31 Alexander Graham Bell

32 Horizontal vs. Vertical Integration
Advantages of creating corporations Limited Liability If a corporation fails, shareholders normally only stand to lose their investments – Not liable otherwise Raising Capital Allows company to create more money by borrowing or selling more stock

33 Horizontal vs. Vertical Integration
1.) Horizontal Integration: A company merges or buys all of the other competing companies Used by Rockefeller Single company controls one particular part of industry – A MONOPOLY 2.) Vertical Integration: Company control all aspects of production—from the acquisition of raw materials to the final delivery of the product Used by Carnegie

34 Trusts and Laissez-Faire Economics
A Trust - combination of companies that dominate an industry Laissez-faire economics Doing business without any government interference or regulation

35 1.) Andre Carnegie Poor Scottish immigrant Steel industry
Bought up coal mines and iron ore deposits purchased railroads and ships to transport the raw materials and send the materials to market Controlled every aspect of the steel production

36 Andrew Carnegie

37 2.) John D. Rockefeller refined kerosene from petroleum
Standard Oil Company Tried to purchase all competing oil companies Standard Oil controlled most of America’s oil industry

38 3.) J. P. Morgan 1901: Morgan purchased Carnegie’s steel company
Created U. S. Steel Controlled banking J. P. Morgan

39 4.) Cornelius Vanderbilt
Controlled the railroad industry

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