1. examples of clustered settlement
New England colonists came from England in small groups and they clustered their settlements. Still visible on the NE landscape today…Newfane, Vermont town surrounding a central commons
Long lot settlement along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec, Canada

2. DISPERSED rural settlements:
Europe turned rural settlements from clustered to dispersed in order to consolidate (merge) farms
Enclosure movement in UK: forced poor peasant farmers to give up land to make fewer larger farms…led to agriculture being more profitable
Famers then fenced in their land and began more intensive farming
When do you think this happened?
(Hint: where did poor farmers go?

3. Why do services locate in large settlements?
Before modern times, all settlements were rural based on agriculture
City-states: independent self- governing communities that included the nearby country-side (hinterland)
Earliest urban settlements were:
Ur: means fire, oldest city in Iraq, Mesopotamia, command center is a ziggurat
Athens, Greece: eastern Mediterranean, connected through defense of the region.
Rome, Italy: Roman Empire, Europe North Africa, and SW Asia, trade encouraged, modern transportation for the time
Where have we seen the concept of city-states today?

4. Athens, Greece
Fig : The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 B.C., still dominates the skyline of modern Athens.

5. Ancient ur Believed to be the birthplace of Abraham! Fig. 12-10:
Ur, in modern-day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. The ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by a dense network of residences.

6. Rome (ancient city in center of city still today) The Roman Forum
Why cities are where they are.
Pick back up at 5:00 minutes

7. Hierarchy of Settlements
In many MDC’s geographers recognize the ranking of settlements from largest to smallest creates a patterns of settlement
Hierarchy (size) of cities can indicate development
What would the hierarchy (size) look like in an MDC? LDC?

8. Rank-Size Distribution of Cities vs. Primate City Rule
Rank Size Rule: A country’s nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement. So, the 2nd largest is ½ the size of the largest, the 3rd largest is 1/3 the size of the largest and so on.
Primate City Rule: The largest city has more than twice as many as the next highest and after that there are very few large cities. There is a “dominant or primate” city. (France as example)
New York
8,336,546
Los Angeles
3,857,456
Chicago
2,714,832
Houston
2,123,274
Philadelphia
1,547,197
Cities in the U.S. closely follow the rank-size distribution, as indicated by the almost straight line on this log scale. In Romania, there are few settlements in two size ranges.

9. Hierarchy of business services
Four levels of cities that correlate to the type of service they provide
World/global cities: center of flow for information and capital
3 standouts: London, NYC, Tokyo…each is the largest city in the 3 most developed regions…what are they?
What are some major and secondary cities?

10. Hierarchy of business services
Command and Control centers contain headquarters of many large corporations and other business services

11. Hierarchy of business services
Specialized Producer-Service Centers: highly specialized services, research and development…cars > Detroit…steel > Pittsburg…
The Research Triangle, home to numerous high-tech companies and enterprises in the 1950’s. Originally referred to the universities, whose research facilities, and the educated workforce they provide, have historically served as a major attraction for businesses located in the region.

12. Hierarchy of business services
Dependent Centers: provide unskilled labors dependent on the decisions in the other cities
Resort, retirement, residential, manufacturing, industrial, military, mining

13. Economic base of u.s. cities
Basic industries: export primarily to consumers outside the settlement
Non-basic industries: consumers live in the same community (restaurants, retail, etc.)
These create a community’s economic base (what are they known for?) Atlanta?
An increase in basic industries LEADS to an increase in non-basic industries…new services needed to provide for the workers attracted to the area for jobs.
Examples?

14. The Central Business District (CBD) : aka “downtown”
Retail services in the CBD have a high range and threshold (influence & cost).
High land costs in the CBD. Expensive rents.
Ex: in Tokyo, if your notebook paper was space/a piece of land it would cost $10,000!!!!!
Intensive Land Use causes cities to rise vertically = skyscrapers
Activities excluded from the CBD
Manufacturing (where are they now?)
Lack of residents: pull of larger homes, private yards, newer schools in suburbs
Push factor of crime, congestion, and poverty, higher property price

15. Retail Services in CBD
Three types of retail services concentrate in the center because they require accessibility to everyone
Shops with a high threshold ($$$)
Shops with a long range (specialty items/service)
Shops that serve people who work in the center (lunch break)

16. Activities Leaving the CBD
Manufacturing: Why? Think about last unit…
Lack of resident in CBD: Why?

17. The Central Business District (CBD) : aka “downtown”
Opposite of U.S.
Less commercial, more residential
Fewer skyscrapers (protected old buildings)
Lots of churches and former royal palaces are most prominent
Public parks used to be private gardens for rich/kings
Businesses would have to renovate old buildings to locate in CBD and that is expensive
European “CBDs”
…Central Areas

18. …less need for a CBD. Why? Suburbanization of Business
Suburbanization of businesses, retailing, factories and offices
Highway systems, residential neighborhoods, and lower cost of land have led to services heading to suburbs
Most shopping malls in Atlanta and other cities are in the suburbs. The ideal location is near an interchange on an interstate highway beltway circling the city. Town Center > 75 & 575

19. Services in developing countries: Periodic Markets
Provides goods to residents in LDC’s and rural areas of MDC’s where sparse population does not support a permanent, full time service.
Mobile vendors… there one day a week and then move on.
Schedule according to folk culture (No market on Friday, the Muslim day of rest)
Middle East countries = bazaars

20. Services in developing countries
Developing countries specialize in 2 types of business services
Offshore financial services: taxes on incomes lowers in LDC’s, banking secrecy
Back-office functions (AKA business process outsourcing BPO): call centers, payroll management, clerical work
Find this in LDC countries with high number of English speakers: India, Malaysia, Philippines, British and American colonial rule