1. Examples of application-oriented and nonscalable biohybrid actuators.
Examples of application-oriented and nonscalable biohybrid actuators. (A) Actuators based on bacteria and other motile cells. (A1) Typical 3D (top) and 2D (bottom) trajectories for bacteria-driven beads (19). Reprinted from (19) with permission from AIP Publishing. (A2) Bacteriobot based on S. typhimurium (top) and its biodistribution in a tumor-bearing mouse (bottom) (21). Reprinted from (21) with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. (A3) Scanning electron microscopy images of unloaded (top left) and liposome-loaded (top right) motile M. marinus and transverse tumor sections of the liposome-loaded microorganism after targeting (bottom) (26). Reprinted from (26) with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. (A4) Representation of a motile sperm cell within a magnetic microtube (top) and its magnetically controlled locomotion at different time points (bottom) (28). (B) Actuators based on explanted whole-muscle tissue. (B1) Image of a swimming robot powered by explanted frog muscles (29). Reprinted from (29) with permission from Wiley. (B2) Fluidic pump powered by an earthworm muscle (30). Reprinted from (30) with permission from Elsevier.
Leonardo Ricotti et al. Sci. Robotics 2017;2:eaaq0495
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