1. Viruses & The Six Kingdoms

2. VIRUSES & THE 6 KINGDOMS Directions:
When this symbol is present, notes should be taken.

3. Viruses Background
Viruses are agents that can infect both animals and plants.
Viruses called bacteriophages, can also attack bacteria.
Viruses, however, are not cells.
Viruses depend upon a host cell to survive
Once inside a host cell, a virus goes into “living mode” showing two characteristics of life-(1)reproduction and (2)heredity with the ability to mutate.

4. Structure of Viruses
Viruses contain genetic material, either DNA or RNA, enclosed in a protective coating of protein called a capsid.
The capsid may be surrounded by a lipid envelope.
This section of the virus containing the genetic material is referred to as the head.
Some viruses also contain a tail and tail fibers that allow the virus to attach to its host.

5. Diagram of a Bacteriophage

6. Structure of Viruses (slide 2)
Other viruses, such as the HIV virus (right), do not have tail fibers, but instead have glycoproteins inserted into their lipid envelope.
These glycoproteins help the virus bind to its host cell.

7. Infection Pathways (2)
Viruses cause infection by following one of two pathways: (1) lytic and/or (2) lysogenic.
In the lytic pathway, the virus enters a host cell, replicates, and causes it to lyse, or burst, resulting in cell death.
When following the lysogenic pathway, the virus enters the cell and becomes part of it.
Cell death does not occur right away, rather the virus becomes latent, or inactive, remaining in the cell until something triggers it to become activated.
When activated, the virus enters the lytic pathway

9. Viruses infect other cells!!!
Lytic Pathway
Viruses infect other cells!!!
Virus contacts cell,
and inserts DNA.
4. Viruses cause cell
to lyse.
2. Viral DNA replicates.
3. Virus replicates.

10. Lysogenic Pathway LYTIC PATHWAY 4. Viral goes on
Virus contacts cell,
inserts DNA.
4. Viral goes on
to enter the
lytic pathway.
2. In lysogenic pathway,
Viral DNA becomes
integrated into host
cell DNA
3. DNA, with integrated
viral DNA, replicates
and cell divides.

13. The Modern Day Classification System By Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial Nomenclature
-2 word naming system
-1st word identifies the genus
-2nd word identifies the species
-Example: Homo sapien
Eight Taxa
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum or Division
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
3 Domains
Archae
Bacteria
Eukarya
Six Kingdoms
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals

14. Three Ways Kingdoms Were Determined
Classifying Organisms
Three Additional Aspects We Will Examine
Three Ways Kingdoms Were Determined
1. Cell Type
Eukaryotic (true nucleus & membrane-bound organelles)
Prokaryotic (no nucleus)
2. Body Type (# of cells in body)
Unicellular (one cell)
Multi-cellular (two or more cells)
3. Means of Nutrition
Autotrophs (make own food)
Heterotrophs (feed on other organisms)
4. Cell Wall Components
Chitin
Cellulose
5. Characteristics
Unique Traits
Special Abilities
6. Examples
Give scientific and/or common name
Draw a picture (optional)

15. Archaebacteria Prokaryotic cells Unicellular
Autotrophic & Heterotrophic
Cell Wall-made of sugars & amino acids
Formerly Kingdom Monera & Found in extreme environments
Hot boiling water/Thermal vents
Anaerobic conditions
Highly acidic environments
6. Salt-loving (Halophiles), Methane-producing (Methanogens), Heat & Acid-Loving (Thermophiles)

16. Eubacteria Prokaryotic cells Unicellular Heterotrophs and Autotrophs
Cell wall made of sugars & amino acids
Formerly Kingdom Monera (Found Everywhere)
Examples Three Types
Streptococci Cocci
E. coli Bacilli
Samonella Spirilli

18. Protista Eukaryotic cells Most unicellular Most Heterotrophic
Some have cell walls made up of cellulose or chitin
Most diverse: Often referred to as a “junk drawer” because it contains microscopic organisms that are animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like Examples
(AL) Amoeba & Paramecium, (PL) Algae & Euglena, (FL) Slime Mold

20. Fungi Eukaryotic cells Most are multi-cellular Heterotrophs
Cell walls made of chitin
Earth’s Decomposers
Examples
Mushrooms
Mold
Mildew
Yeast

22. Plantae Eukaryotic cells Multi-cellular Autotroph (Primary Producers)
Cell walls made of cellulose
Second largest kingdom with Over 250,000 species
Examples
Flowering plants, Trees
Mosses, Ferns

23. Kingdom Plantae multicellular - possess chloroplasts and cell walls
make their own food - PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Reproduce sexually – can be asexual
Vascular plants are more advanced - they have evolved specialized tissues, xylem, which is involved in structural support and water conduction, and phloem, which functions in food conduction
Nonvascular plants are usually no more than an inch or two in height because they do not have adequate support, which is provided by vascular tissues to other plants, to grow bigger

24. ONION CELLS FROM LAB – NOTE THE BOXY SHAPE OF PLANT CELLS & THE DISTINCT CELL WALL

26. Animalia Eukaryotic cells Multi-cellular
Heterotrophs (Motile, Complex)
No Cell walls
Largest kingdom with Over 1 million known species
Examples: Sponges, Worms, Insects, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

27. Kingdom Animalia
multi-cellular organisms which ingest their food – HETEROTROPHS
Reproduce sexually