Chapter 3: Infancy & Childhood

Chapter 3: Infancy & Childhood
Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development Section 2: Cognitive & Emotional Development Section 3: Parenting Styles & Social Development

Section 1: Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development
Developmental psychology: the study of changes that occur as an individual matures Nature and Nurture Newborns Capacities Grasping reflex: an infant’s clinging response to a touch on the palm of the hand Rooting reflex: an infant’s response in turning toward the source o touching that occurs anywhere around the mouth

Perceptual Development
Physical Development Infant average birth weight = 7.3 pounds Maturation: the internally programmed growth of a child Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior that happens as a result o experience Perceptual Development Visual cliff

Language Development Can animals use language?
chimps Grammar How do children acquire language? Must learn signs Must learn meaning of signs Must learn grammar 2 years old - Telegraphic speech: the kind of verbal utterances in which words are left out, but the meaning is usually clear Where my doll I goed to school (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Section 2: Cognitive & Emotional Development
Cognitive Development How does knowing change? Schema: a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world Assimilation: the process of fitting objects and experiences into one’s schemas Accommodation: the adjustment of one’s schemas to include newly observed events and experiences Object permanence: a child’s realization that an object exisits even when he/she cannot see or touch it Representational thought: the intellectual ability of a child to picture something in his/her mind

Jean Piaget & the stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor(Birth – 2) – Simple motor responses, lacks concept of object permanence Preoperational(2-7) Egocentric thinking, lacks concept of conservation, uses symbols Concrete operations(7-11) Understands conservation, trouble with abstract ideas, classification ideas improve Formal operations(11+) Understands abstract and hypothetical ideas, capable of logical and deductive reasoning

The principle of conservation
Conservation: the principle that a given quality does not change when its appearance changes Egocentric: a young child’s inability to understand another person’s perspective

Emotional Development
Experiments on animals Imprinting: inherited tendency of some newborns to follow the first moving object they see Konrad Lorenz and his Geese Critical period: a specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned

What makes a mother so important?
Surrogate Mothers Wire vs. cloth Harry Harlow and the rhesus monkey Human Infants Attachment at 6 months – 3 years Separation anxiety Stranger situation Secure attachment Avoidant attachment Resistant attachment (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Section 3: Parenting Styles & Social Development
Authoritarian: parents attempt to control and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of children and adolescents in accordance with a set code of conduct Democratic/Authoritative: children and adolescents participate in decisions affecting their lives Permissive/Laissez-Faire: children and adolescents have the final say; parents are less controlling and have a non-punishing, accepting attitude toward children

Effects of Parenting Styles
Establishment of limits-Authoritarian Assuming responsibility-Democratic/Authoritative Indentifying with parents-Dem/Auth Independence-

Child Abuse The physical or mental injury, sexual abuse, negligent treatment, or mistreatment of children under the age of 18 by adults entrusted with their care 906,000 confirmed cases in 2003 Why is there child abuse? Who is abused most often? Children of overburdened or stressed parents Hyperactive children Mentally or physically disadvantaged What constitutes child abuse? Spanking? Yelling? Effects-loss of trust, self esteem, depression

Social Development Socialization: the process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture within which an individual is born and will live How can we describe socialization? What is the reason for socialization? Give examples of how we learn socialization in school…

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
Oral Stage –infant seeks pleasure around mouth (0-18 months) Anal Stage – infant seeks pleasure centered on functions of elimination (18months- 3 years) Phallic Stage – infant seeks pleasure centered around genitals (3 – 6 years) Latency Stage – sexual thoughts repressed; focus on developing social and intellectual skills (6 years – puberty) Genital Stage – sexual desires renewed; individual seeks relationships with others (puberty through adulthood) Identification – the process by which a child adopts the values and principles of the same gender parent Sublimation – the process of redirecting sexual impulses into learning tasks

Oral fixation Oral fixation has two possible outcomes. The Oral receptive personality is preoccupied with eating/drinking and reduces tension through oral activity such as eating, drinking, smoking, biting nails. They are generally passive, needy and sensitive to rejection. They will easily 'swallow' other people's ideas. The Oral aggressive personality is hostile and verbally abusive to others, using mouth-based aggression.

Anal fixation Anal fixation, which may be caused by too much punishment during toilet training, has two possible outcomes. The Anal retentive personality is stingy, with a compulsive seeking of order and tidiness. The person is generally stubborn and perfectionist. The Anal expulsive personality is an opposite of the Anal retentive personality, and has a lack of self control, being generally messy and careless.

Phallic fixation At the age of 5 or 6, near the end of the phallic stage, boys experience the Oedipus Complex whilst girls experience the Electra conflict, which is a process through which they learn to identify with the same gender parent by acting as much like that parent as possible. Boys suffer a castration anxiety, where the son believes his father knows about his desire for his mother and hence fears his father will castrate him. Girls suffer a penis envy, where the daughter is initially attached to her mother, but then a shift of attachment occurs when she realizes she lacks a penis. She desires her father whom she sees as a means to obtain a penis substitute (a child). She then represses her desire for her father and incorporates the values of her mother and accepts her inherent 'inferiority' in society.

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Life periods in which an individual’s goal is to satisfy desires associated with social needs Stages 1 –trust versus mistrust (early infancy) 2 –autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3) 3 –initiative versus guilt (3-6) 4 –industry versus inferiority (6-12) 5 –identity versus role confusion (early teens) 6 –intimacy versus isolation (young adult) 7 –generality versus stagnation (middle adult) 8 –ego integrity versus despair (older adult)

Trust v Mistrust Early Infancy Virtue – Hope
Significant Relationship – Mother Can I trust the world Feeding, abandonment (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Initiative v Shame and Guilt
3-6 years old Virtue – Purpose Significant Relationship – Family Is it okay for me to do, move, and act Exploring, using tools or making art (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Industry v Inferiority
6-12 years old Virtue – Competence Significant Relationship – Neighbors, School Can I make it in the world of people and things School, sports (c) 2007 brainybetty.com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Cognitive-Development Approach
Games and Play Role taking: children’s play that involves assuming adult roles, thus enabling the child to experience different points of view Teacher Storekeeper Ninja Parent So how do these prepare the child for later life?

Moral Development Moral reasoning: deciding what is right or wrong
The dying wife and the robbery What is a moral dilemma? Stealing a loaf of bread for a hungry child Is that a moral dilemma? Examples Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Pre-conventional Obedience and punishment Instrumental relativist Conventional Good/bad Law and order Post-Conventional Social contract Universal ethics principle

Chapter 3: Infancy & Childhood

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