1. 7-2
Cell Structures
Part 1

2. Cell Wall provides support and protection for the cell
found in plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes
made of fibers of carbohydrate (cellulose) and protein
secondary cell walls (in woody stems) composed of cellulose,pectin and lignin

3. Cell Wall

4. Nucleus
controls most cells processes and contains hereditary information (DNA)
found in almost all eukaryotic cells
Surrounded by the nuclear envelope
Double membrane that protects the contents of the nucleus

5. Within the Nucleus… chromatin and chromosomes
chromatin: granular material found in the nucleus, makes up chromosomes
chromosomes: threadlike structures made of condensed chromatin that contain genetic information
nucleolus
Makes ribosomes

7. Cytoskeleton
a network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of movement
microtubules: hollow tubes of protein
forms centrioles in animal cells to separate chromosomes
Also forms cilia and flagella which move some cells
microfilaments: long, thin fibers used for movement and support
also serve as “tracks” for organelle movement

8. Cytoskeleton

9. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Makes proteins

10. Ribosomes

11. Organelles in the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
components of cell membrane and some proteins assembled here
rough ER has ribosomes attached and responsible for protein synthesis
smooth ER contains enzymes that synthesize products such as lipids
Also detoxifies poisons

13. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
Golgi apparatus
receives proteins made rough ER
Sorts, modifies and packages ER products

16. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
vacuoles
saclike structures that store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
plants have large vacuoles

18. Organelles in the cytoplasm
lysosomes
small organelles filled with enzymes used to break down nutrients
also used to break down old organelles and cell debris

20. Organelles in the Cytoplasm
mitochondria
organelles that release energy from stored food molecules
bounded by two membranes with folded inner membrane
found in all eukaryotic cells

22. Organelles in the cytoplasm
chloroplasts
found in plants and some other organisms
use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules during photosynthesis
bounded by two membranes with small sacs containing photosynthetic pigments

28. 7-2
Cell Structures
Part 3

29. Organelle DNA chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA
both organelles may be symbiotic descendents of ancient prokaryotes
all human mitochondria are inherited from the ovum of the mother

30. The Cell as a Factory a eukaryotic cell functions much like a factory
cytoskeleton: the concrete beams and columns that support the factory as well as move parts and machines throughout the factory
nucleus: the main office that send instructions out to the floor
ribosomes: the assembly line for proteins

31. The Cell as a Factory
Golgi apparatus: proteins packaged with carbohydrates and lipids to be “shipped” to their final destination
mitochondria and chloroplasts: provide the energy for the factory to run
chloroplasts: use energy from the sun to make food molecules (plant cells)
mitochondria: use the food molecules to produce high-energy compounds (animal and plant cells)

32. Golgi apparatus vacuoles lysosomes mitochondria chloroplasts
receives proteins made rough ER
Sorts, modifies and packages ER products
vacuoles
saclike structures that store water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
plants have large vacuoles
lysosomes
small organelles filled with enzymes used to break down nutrients
also used to break down old organelles and cell debris
mitochondria
organelles that release energy from stored food molecules
chloroplasts
found in plants and some other organisms
use energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules during photosynthesis