1. Chapter 15 Section 3 Fascism Rises in Europe
Objective: Summarize the rise of fascism in Italy & Germany & describe its impact
Vocabulary: Fascism, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Nazism, Mein Kampf, & Lebensraum

2. Fascism’s Rise in Italy
Fascism: militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state & obedience to its leader
Fascism is similar to an extreme type of Nationalism
Authoritarian leaders hoped to bring order to the nation
Fascism was similar to communism that both were ruled by dictators who denied individual rights
However, Fascists did not seek classless societies like communists
People lost faith in democratic governments
Extreme Nationalism
What is Nationalism?
Communists were international with classless societies
Fascists are nations with social classes

3. Fascism’s Rise in Italy
Italians were disappointed over the failure to win large territorial gains after WWI
Rising inflations & unemployment also contributed to widespread social unrest
Benito Mussolini: promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy & rebuilding its armed forces through fascism
His followers of fascist were known as the Black Shirts
After wide-spread riots, Mussolini legally took power
Mussolini or Il Duce abolished democracy & started to take away personal freedoms
He abolished democracy & outlawed all political parties except for the Fascists
Newspaper editor & politician
King Victor Emmanuel III put him in charge of the government
Mussolini never took total control

4. Hitler Rises to Power in Germany
Adolf Hitler: leader of Germany
He fought in WWI & was awarded the Iron Cross; a medal for bravery
Nazism: fascists known as the National Socialist German Workers’ Party
The Nazi private army was known as the Brown Shirts
Hitler was arrested for trying to seize control of the government in Munich
In jail, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, expressing his beliefs & goals for Germany
Volunteered for the German army
Swastika
Called Germans the Aryans who he considered to be the “master race”
Claimed all others were inferior
Served 9 months of 5 years
“My Struggle”
Expressed outrage against Versailles Treaty & vowed to regain German Lands
Called Der Fuhrer

5. Hitler Becomes Chancellor
Hitler wanted to expand Germany for the master race of Aryans
Lebensraum: living space for German citizens
Most Germans ignored him, until the Great Depression & the economy collapsed
Germans turned to Hitler for security & firm leadership
1933, Hitler was named chancellor of Germany
He used his new power to turn Germany into a totalitarian state
Hitler will turn Germany into a totalitarian state

6. Hitler Becomes Chancellor
SS (protection squad, loyal only to Hitler) arrested & murdered hundreds of Hitler’s enemies
Hitler put millions of Germans to work, unemployment went from 6 million to 1.5 million
Hitler controlled all aspects of German life, similar to Stalin
Schoolchildren had to join the Hitler Youth or the League of German Girls
Conservative leaders believed they could control Hitler
Gestapo were his secret police who made the Germans remain obedient to Hitler
Hitler also gained power legally
Constructed factories, built highways, manufactured weapons, & served in the military
Who also arrested & murdered hundreds of his enemies?

7. Hitler Makes War on the Jews
Anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) was a key part to Nazi ideology
Nazi’s used them as scapegoats for all of Germany’s troubles since WWI
Germany passed laws depriving Jews of most of their rights
Kristallnacht (Night of the Broken Glass) – signaled real start of eliminating the Jews
November 9th 1938, Nazi mobs attacked Jews in their homes & on the streets & destroyed thousands of Jewish-owned buildings
Wear the star of david

8. Chapter 15 Section 4 Aggressors Invade Nations
Objective: Compare the attempts by fascist nations to gain power with the efforts of democratic nations to preserve peace
Vocabulary: Appeasement, Axis Powers, Francisco Franco, Isolationism, Third Reich, Munich Conference

9. Japan Seeks An Empire
During the Great Depression, military leaders gained support & won control of the country in Japan
Instead of establishing a new system of government, they wanted to restore old traditions
They kept Emperor Hirohito as head of the state
The Japanese militarists were extreme nationalists
Puppet government

10. Japan Invades Manchuria
Military leaders planned a Pacific empire to provide Japan with raw materials
In 1931, the Japanese army seized Manchuria (province in China)
The League of Nations protested Japanese aggression in Manchuria
Japan ignored the League of Nations & left the league in 1933
China’s capital Nanjing fell to the Japanese in 1937
Nanjing Massacre (Rape of Nanking) around 300,000 Chinese were killed & over 20,000 women were raped by the Japanese

11. European Aggressors on the March
To avenge the Italian defeat in late 1890s, Mussolini ordered a massive invasion of Ethiopia
The League of Nations condemned the attack but did nothing, Britain & France hoped to keep peace in Europe
Hitler took greater risks to rearm Germany, openly violating the Treaty of Versailles
Appeasement: giving into an aggressor to keep peace
Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, & Japan
Hitler admitted that he would have backed down if the French & British had challenged him

12. Civil War Erupts in Spain
The Spanish government run by socialist went to war against the fascist General Francisco Franco
Hitler & Mussolini sent troops & aid to help Franco’s forces in Spain
Western democracies in Europe remained neutral
Franco became Spain’s Fascist dictator in 1939
Test out their army & new weapons

13. Democratic Nations Try To Preserve Peace
Americans supported isolationism (belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided)
Congress passed Neutrality Acts (banning loans & sales of arms to nations at war)
Third Reich: German Empire
Hitler wanted to absorb Austria & Czechoslovakia into this empire
Austria supported unity even though it went against the Treaty of Versailles
The Czechs asked France for help
Anschluss
Sudetenland had 3 million Germans

14. Britain & France Again Choose Appeasement
Munich Conference: meeting between Germany, France, Britain, & Italy
Britain & France agreed to let Hitler take the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
Prime Minister Chamberlain claimed “I believe it is peace for our time”
6 months later Hitler took over all of Czechoslovakia
On August 23, 1939, Hitler & Stalin signed a nonaggression pact
Do you notice there is a country missing from this meeting?