1. Biochemistry
Chapter 3

2. Carbon Bonding Two categories of compounds:
Organic: made mostly of carbon
Most living things
Inorganic: mostly without carbon

3. Carbon Bonding Carbon’s versatility:
Carbon atoms have 4 electrons in its outermost energy level; therefore it readily forms 4 covalent bonds
it can bond with other elements but, more importantly, with other carbons. This creates enormous variety:
straight carbon chains
branched carbon chains
carbon rings
double and triple bonds

4. Carbon Chains H H H H H H C C C C H H C H H H H H H H H H C C C H H H
STRAIGHT CARBON CHAIN C H H H
BRANCHED CARBON CHAIN

5. Carbon Chains H H H H C C H H C C H H C C H H H H
CARBON RING

6. Single vs Double Bonds

7. Functional Groups:
clusters of atoms that hang together lend the molecules they attach to “personalities.”
Refer to the table on page 52

8. Large Carbon Molecules
Monomers: small, simple molecules
Polymers: made up of monomers; consists of repeated, linked units

9. Large Carbon Molecules
Making polymers from monomers:
monomers polymers: by condensation reactions.
H+ and OH- are removed to create bonding sites.
This makes water. see p.53

10. Large Carbon Molecules
Breaking polymers down into monomers:
Hydrolysis: reverse of condensation reaction
Adding water, under the right circumstances, allows for polymers to be broken down into monomers
See page 53

11. Energy Currency Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP A--PPP
-- = low-energy bond;  = high-energy bond
P is transferred to other molecules. When the bond breaks, energy is given off to do work, like make muscles contract.