1. Review: Indian Civilizations

2. Indus Valley Civilization circa 2600BCE-1900 BCE
Political – city state governed by kings Economic- Trade with Mesopotamia; agricultural; cotton and food crops; industry= textiles; some merchants, mostly farmers; urbanized- large cities (Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro) Religious- polytheistic; fertility goddess Social- stratification; kings and priests top of hierarchy Int/art- pottery, clay figurines; jewelry of silver and gold Near-Arabian Sea; modern day India and Pakistan

3. Mauryan Civilization 324-184 BCE
Political – 1st centralized empire – Chandragupta Maurya; Govt bureaucracy; strong military
Economic- extensive trade: Silk Road to China, trade with Persia and the Mediterranean; traded cotton, black pepper and gems; agriculture; state farms cultivated by slaves
Religion: Hinduism; Ashoka ( BCE) Royal Patron of Buddhism
Social: Caste System- Brahmins, Kshatriya, Vaishya, shudra, untouchables
Int/Art: Buddhist architecture spread under Ashoka; Buddhist schools and universities;
Near- Northern India

5. In-between Period
Political disunity- regional governments- ruled by princes

6. Gupta 320 CE- 550 CE
Political- Kings- Decentralization of power allowed regional rulers to keep power and maintain local policies
Economic-Trade with China, SE Asia, and eastern Mediterranean; slave labor; Indian merchants shipped ivory, jewels, textiles, salt and iron; very wealthy civilization; use of Silk Road
Religion- Hinduism dominant religion- tolerant of others especially Buddhism
Social-Caste System; slave labor
Int/art- literature, math- decimal system, pi and zero, and science
Near- North and Central Asia

7. 600CE-1200CE India was decentralized; no unification
Muslim invaders 900s attack Indian border
1022- conquest of northern India for next 200 years

8. Delhi Sultanate 1206 CE- 1520s
Political-Muslim Sultans; laws based on the Quran; Princess Razia Sultana( ) -
first queen of a Muslim state.
Economics- Heavy taxation; trade- The chief items of export were grain, cotton, precious stones, indigo, hides, opium, spices and sugar
Religion- Muslim; religious toleration but non Muslims had to pay the jizya

9. Social-Caste system- Muslims incorporated; New culture formed, blending Muslim, Indian elements
Int/art- Great Mosques built, colleges founded, irrigation systems improve; Invited artists, scholars from other parts of Islamic world to Delhi. Middle East, Africa, Spain, Central Asia
Near-Northern and central India

10. Mughal
Political- Babur (Mongol)defeated Delhi Sultanate; Capitals at Agra and Delhi; Large bureaucracy; Took taxes and managed local regions; Muslim Islamic Sultans rule absolutely (centralized)
Akbar The Great- best known for tolerance, especially toward Hindus. Divided empire into provinces & used governors
Aurangzeb persecuted the Hindus & Sikhs of N. India;increased taxes further; crushed independent Hindu states

11. Economic-Very wealthy empire; money spent on architecture and war creation of a road system; Grand Trunk Road; Cities grew rapidly; State-owned karkhanas (factories) produced luxury goods; Silk and COTTON textiles; steel.
Religion-Rulers were a Sufi Muslim minority; Generally treated Hindus well, Except Arangzeb; Sikhs – historically Islam and Hinduism mixed
Social- population 110 and 130 million; Caste system present but less important; Women gain rights under Islam; people of all castes honored by Sultan; middle class of traders; 90% were poor farmers who were heavily taxed
Int/art- Mughal architectural style = Hindu and Islamic
Near- Northen/central India