1. AP Psychology Feb. 8th
Objective
Opener: Review
Evaluate the main personality perspectives by completing a graphic organizer.
Ego
Instinct
Superego
Idealistic Id
Reality

2. Neo-Freudians They Accept: In addition, they recognize:
notions of id, ego, superego
dynamics of anxiety and defense mechanisms
importance of unconscious
shaping of personality in childhood
In addition, they recognize:
the importance of conscious motivations and social interaction
Instead of strictly sex and aggression, higher motives also underlie motivation

3. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Personal Unconscious
Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id
Collective Unconscious
Jung’s addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive “memories” including the archetypes, which exist in all people
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4. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Anima
Shadow
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5. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
The male archetype
Anima
The female archetype
Shadow
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6. Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Archetypes
Animus
Archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don’t want to recognize in ourselves
Anima
Shadow
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7. Jung’s Opposing Tendencies in Personality
Table 10.2
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8. Karen Horney: A Feminist Voice in Psychodynamic Psychology
Basic Anxiety
An emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment
Neurotic Needs
Signs of neurosis in Horney’s theory, these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme
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9. Horney’s Ten Neurotic Needs
Table 10.3
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10. Humanistic Perspective
Maslow ( )
studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)
Focuses on people’s unique capacity for choice, responsibility and growth

11. Humanistic Perspective
Personality reflects where you are in the hierarchy of needs
if your physiological needs are met, you become concerned with personal safety, then love, and so on…
Problems arise from failure to satisfy needs

12. Humanistic Perspective
Self-Actualization
the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self- esteem is achieved
the motivation to fulfill one’s potential

13. Humanistic Perspective
Rogers’ Person-Centered Humanistic Approach
Unconditional Positive Regard
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Conditions of growth
People nurture our growth by being
Genuine, accepting, empathic
Self-Concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?”
Positive when ideal self and actual self are similar
Problems when ideal and actual are incongruent
Personality comes from self-concept

14. Were the humanists right?
Also influential on western culture
Emphasizes individuality
Optimistic view of human potential for positive growth
Criticisms:
Too optimistic? Drives for growth and self-actualization are sometimes expressed and sometimes not
Focus on self can lead to self-indulgence, selfishness, erosion of moral restraints

15. Contemporary Research - The Trait Perspective
a characteristic pattern of behavior
a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self- report inventories and peer reports
Personality Inventory
a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree- disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors
used to assess selected personality traits

16. The Trait Perspective
UNSTABLE
STABLE
choleric
melancholic
phlegmatic
sanguine
INTROVERTED
EXTRAVERTED
Moody
Anxious
Rigid
Sober
Pessimistic
Reserved
Unsociable
Quiet
Sociable
Outgoing
Talkative
Responsive
Easygoing
Lively
Carefree
Leadership
Passive
Careful
Thoughtful
Peaceful
Controlled
Reliable
Even-tempered
Calm
Touchy
Restless
Aggressive
Excitable
Changeable
Impulsive
Optimistic
Active
Eysenck – uses two primary personality factors to describe personality variation
Stable-unstable
Introverted- extroverted

17. The Trait Perspective
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests
People answer groups of questions about how they typically think, act, and feel
Responses compared to averages compiled from large groups of prior test takers (standardized!)
originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still its most appropriate use)
now used for many other screening purposes, such as job placement – hmmm…

18. The Trait Perspective Empirically Derived Test
a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups (e.g., suicidal and not)
such as the MMPI
Have you stopped beating your wife?

19. The Trait Perspective MMPI
Example MMPI test profiles
Higher T scores indicate problems
Group differences are evident

20. The Big Five The best (so far) index of personality
Big 5 traits are stable*, 50% heritable, culturally generalizable
Outcomes are reasonably valid and reliable

21. Social-Cognitive Perspective (Bandura)
Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context
Experience, plus how people interpret experience, determine personality growth and development
Emphasizes learned behaviors over innate nature

22. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Reciprocal Determinism
the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
Beliefs, behavior, and environment interact to shape what you learn from experience

24. Social-Cognitive Perspective

26. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Personal Control
our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless
External Locus of Control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate

27. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Internal Locus of Control
the perception that one controls one’s own fate
Learned Helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Dog experiments

28. Social-Cognitive Perspective
Positive Psychology
the scientific study of optimal human functioning
aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive

29. Is the social-cognitive approach right?
Idea that some personality traits are learned is widely accepted, as is the role of cognitive factors in learning
Example: Expectations and beliefs
Criticisms:
Over-emphasizes how a person responds in particular situations rather than on traits of person as a whole
Under-emphasizes biological, genetic factors in development

30. Exploring the Self
Morality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks
(self-based) (duty-based)
Attributing Behavior reflects one’s personality Behavior reflects social
behaviors and attitudes and roles
Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism
Concept Individualism Collectivism
Self Independent Interdependent
(identity from individual traits) identity from belonging)
Life task Discover and express one’s Maintain connections, fit in
uniqueness
What matters Me--personal achievement and We-group goals and solidarity;
fulfillment; rights and liberties social responsibilities and
relationships
Coping method Change reality Accommodate to reality
Relationships Many, often temporary or casual; Few, close and enduring;
confrontation acceptable harmony valued

31. What about genetic factors?
Are identical twins highly similar in personality, even when raised apart?
And: Are identicals more similar than fraternals?
MMPI scores indicate yes, irrespective of raising environment
At least some traits are genetically determined
However: How they are expressed may depend on environment

33. Personality Disorders Long-standing maladaptive personality patterns
Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C
Paranoid
Anti-social
Avoidant
Schizoid
Borderline
Dependent
Schizotypal
Histrionic
Obsessive- Compulsive
Narcissistic
OCD v OCPD
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35. “ Personality Disorder Party”
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36. Psychology Gallery Walk Prep.
Create a poster on your assigned Personality Disorder that includes the following
Description of Disorder
Examples of fictional characters that might be diagnosed with this order.
How they would be explained by each perspective
At least one chart
At least 2 visuals
All group members must be experts in your disorder and psychologists as you will be required to teach small groups (including me!) about your topics in a Gallery Walk!
Think Museum of Psychology 
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37. Topics Cluster A Cluster B Cluster C
Choose 1
Cluster B
Anti-social PD
Borderline PD
Narcissistic PD
Cluster C
Apply the following theories to explain these disorders
Freudian
Neo-Freudian
Humanistic
Trait
Behavioral (socio-cognitive)
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