1. The Energy Cycle (Reading AK Chapter-2)
Transferring Energy in the Atmosphere     Conduction: Requires Touching     Convection: Hot Air Rises     Temperature Advection: Horizontal Movement of Air     Latent Heating: Changing the Phase of Water     Adiabatic Cooling and Warming: Expanding and Compressing Air     Diabatic Cooling and Warming: Adding and Subtracting Heat     Radiative Heat Transfer: Exchanging Energy with Space    Sun and Seasons
Radiative Properties of the Atmosphere
Global Energy Budget

2. Simple C to F conversion:
Venus 457o C (855o F)
No Atmosphere Facing the Sun (121degC) ((250F)
C = 5 / 9 * (F – 32 )
F = (9 / 5 * C) + 32
K = C
Mars 218K
No Atmosphere Shadow and darkness (-157degC) (-250F)
Temperature
--Definition – A measure of the average kinetic energy of all particles within a sample.
HEAT – Energy produced by motions of molecules and is the total kinetic energy of a sample.
Simple C to F conversion:
F = ( TempC + TempC ) –10% +32
Example: 30deg C
86 F = (30degC + 30DegC ) –

3. Energy Transfer
The transfer of energy between two objects due to a difference in temperature is called HEAT energy.
Methods of Heat transfer include Conduction, Convection, Advection, and Radiation
Adiabatic heating/cooling are constant entropy processes and have no transfer of heat

4. Transferring Energy in the Atmosphere
Conduction Requires Touching (land/ sea air)
Convection Vertical Movement--Hot Air Rises
Temperature Advection Horizontal Movement
Latent Heating Phase Change of Water (Diabatic)
Adiabatic (heating-cooling) Expanding - Compressing
Radiative Heat Transfer With Space

5. Conduction
Convection
Temperature Advection
Latent Heating
Adiabatic (heating-cooling)
Radiative Heat Transfer

6. Surface and Air Temperature
Cook an egg on sidewalk
Turbulence is driven by the exchange in heat energy between the earth’s surface and the atmosphere. The surface heat flux in watts/m2 between the surface and air depends on the difference in temperature between the surface and air and on the prevailing wind speed. During the day, solar heating raises the surface temperature well above the air temperature, which leads to strong convective heating and turbulence. At night, Planck radiation to space cools the surface 5 to 10 C below the air above, which again produces turbulence. Twice per day the air and surface temperatures equilibrate and the surface heat flux drops to zero.
D. L. Walters

7. Hot Enough to Fry an Egg Need a surface air temperature (2m) warmer than 35º C ~ 95 º F
Egg white begins to coagulate at 62°C (144°F) while yolk begins to coagulate at 65°C (149°F).
Note: This will take a few minutes

8. Midday Air Temperature-Desert
The atmospheric temperature varies with time. This plot shows temperature fluctuation at 3 m and 33 m above the ground for a clear day around 1300 local time measured with a temperature probe that has a 10 ms time constant. The temperature fluctuations and average temperature are larger near the ground. Although the temperature fluctuations appear to be random, the low frequency, long time period disturbances dominate the changes.
15 min
D. L. Walters

9. 1km Vis at 1 min interval from GOES-8
Conduction
Convection
Temperature Advection
Latent Heating
Adiabatic (heating-cooling)
Radiative Heat Transfer
1km Vis at 1 min interval from GOES-8
7204vis.avi

10. Measured Versus Calculated Variables5 10 15
COLD
WARM
CO LD
AD V
WA RM
AD V
TEMPERATURE
ADVECTION
500 mb
1000 mb

11. Conduction
Convection
Temperature Advection
Latent Heating
Adiabatic (heating-cooling)
Radiative Heat Transfer

12. 0 C Conduction Convection Temperature Advection Latent Heating
Adiabatic (heating-cooling)
Radiative Heat Transfer
0 C

13. Parcel does not exchange heat with its surroundings
Conduction
Convection
Temperature Advection
Latent Heating
Adiabatic (heating-cooling)
Radiative Heat Transfer
Latent Heat release
Atm Avg Lapse rate ~6.5 °C/km
Expansion cooling  Compression warming
Parcel does not exchange heat with its surroundings

14. I-80 Conduction Convection Temperature Advection Latent Heating
Adiabatic (heating-cooling)
Radiative Heat Transfer
I-80

15. The Sun Solar Constant 1368 W/m2
Radiation – The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves. Does not involve the movement of matter

16. E ~5.7x10-8 x T**4 Emax ~ 2900/T IR VIS Conduction Convection
Temp Advection
Latent Heating
Adiabatic (heating-cooling)
Radiative Heat Transfer
Stefan-Boltzman Law
(Sun 160,000 more E than Earth)
E ~5.7x10-8 x T**4
Emax ~ 2900/T
emitted
emitted λ
Weins Law IR
Fade
VIS

17. Absorption of Radiation by Atmosphere

18. Greenhouse Effect Venus to Hot(450C) 97%C02, 90x Sfc Pres of Earth , Mars to Cold (-53C)95% CO2, ~1% Sfc Pres Earth, and Earth 0.04% CO2…Just Right (15C)
Recycles energy and makes the planet suitable for life as we know it.
Some Trace Gases Absorb and Emit Heat (H2Ovapor,CO2,CH4,Ozone)
Albedo also has important influence on Earth’s Temperature
Without Greenhouse effect Earth would be about -18C
Water Vapor most important Greenhouse Gas
(Absorbs at different wavelengths and abundant in Atmosphere)
Rough Approximation of contributions to Greenhouse effect by trace gases:
-60% water vapor
-20% Carbon dioxide
-20% the rest to others (Ozone, Nitrous Oxide, Methane, and other species)
Other Planets
UCAR 2006

20. Annual Average Energy Balance of Earth
Earth Albedo ~ 30% (107W) Aprox 50% solar energy reaches earth
(AK)
342 W/m2 from Earth to Space W/m2 from Space to Earth
In Space Solar Constant is ~1368 W/m2 (half due to night and half again due to solar zenith angle)

21. 1 complete orbit every 365.25 days
SUN- EARTH min/max million km
1 complete orbit every days
Solar Zenith Angle
Tropic of Capricorn
~23.5 deg S
Tropic of Cancer
~23.5 deg N
(AK)

22. Daylight Length Hours Daylight
Earth Rotation .25 deg / min
Tilt of the Earth’s axis defines length of daylight for a given latitude
Hours Daylight

23. Net radiation = net short-wave radiation + net long-wave radiation.

25. "There is considerable uncertainty in future model projections
"There is considerable uncertainty in future model projections. The more important message from models is that all but a few outliers predict enormous sea ice retreat this century," Oceanographer of the Navy Rear Adm. Titley July 2009
Image from Andy Armstrong/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration