1. Classification
grouping of different types of organisms based upon similarities in structure and evolutionary relationships

2. WHY CLASSIFY?
In order to more easily study the unity and diversity of living organisms in an organized manner, biologists classify organisms
This means that they group organisms together based on their common characteristics
Physical structure is often the primary basis for biological classification

3. Early classification Animals & Plants
With the discovery of the MICROSCOPE in the 1600’s many new organisms were discovered
This was the basis for the change in the classification system

4. BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Carolus Linneaus devised binomial nomenclature
(2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
ex. scientific name of humans Homo sapiens
Homo is the genus name sapiens is the species name
Both have to be printed in italics or underlined
-Genus is ALWAYS capitalized

5. MODERN CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM:
KINGDOM
PHYLLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

6. KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP
HOW TO REMEMBER THAT:
KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GOOD SOUP

7. KINGDOMS: The 6 Kingdom System is based on the following criteria:
1. Presence or absence of a nuclear membrane
2. Unicellularity versus multicellularity
3. Type of nutrition

8. Archaebacteria most primitive and often live in extreme environments
LIVE IN UNUSUALLY HARSH ENVIRONMENTS
unicellular and no nucleus
This is the Proposed 6th KINGDOM
There are 3 types:
salt loving, heat loving & methane loving

9. Kingdom Monera bacteria and blue green algae
have a primitive cell structure
no organized nucleus or nuclear membrane
Three basic types of bacteria
Coccus-
Baccillus-
Spirillum-

11. Kingdom Protista
Predominately unicellular organisms with plant or animal-like characteristics
examples include protozoa and all algae except the blue-green
have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane
Classification of Protists: Most protozoa are motile (CAN MOVE) and are divided into phyla based on their means of LOCOMOTION

13. Animal-like Protists Often animal like Protists are called PROTOZOA
They can live in fresh or salt water, in the soil, or in the bodies of other organisms
Plant-like Protists:
Plant-like Protists are commonly called ALGAE
They contain chloroplasts and are therefore AUTOTROPHIC

14. Spirogyra
plant-like Protists that contains thread-like filaments of chloroplasts
They may reproduce asexually by MITOSIS or sexually by CONJUGATION

16. Plant and Animal like Protists
The Euglena:
exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like characteristics
contains chloroplasts, which are involved in PHOTOSYNTHESIS
contains a flagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION
euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic depending on the environment
In a light environment euglena would be AUTOTROPHIC
In a dark environment the euglena would be HETEROTROPHIC

18. KINGDOM FUNGI examples include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
cells are usually organized into branched, multinucleate filaments which absorb digested food from the external environment
Mushrooms are made up of a network of tubes called HYPHAE

20. Kingdom Plantae multicellular - possess chloroplasts and cell walls
make their own food - PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Reproduce sexually – can be asexual
Vascular plants are more advanced - they have evolved specialized tissues, xylem, which is involved in structural support and water conduction, and phloem, which functions in food conduction
Nonvascular plants are usually no more than an inch or two in height because they do not have adequate support, which is provided by vascular tissues to other plants, to grow bigger

21. ONION CELLS FROM LAB – NOTE THE BOXY SHAPE OF PLANT CELLS & THE DISTINCT CELL WALL

23. Kingdom Animalia
multi-cellular organisms which ingest their food – HETEROTROPHS
Reproduce sexually

25. Viruses not classified in a kingdom
contain genetic material (DNA) but lack cell structures
only carry on the life function of reproduction
They must have a host (another living organism) to be able to reproduce
This causes disease in the host (Ex: colds, rabies, AIDS, flu)

26. Bacteriophages invade the host cell, take over the cell, and begin replicating viruses, eventually lysing or bursting the host cell, releasing the new viruses to infect additional cells
Papillomavirus is a DNA virus that causes warts
POLIO VIRUS

28. How to group animals
Vertebrates- have backbones e.g. mammals, birds, reptiles amphibians, fishes.
Invertebrates – have no backbone e.g Arthropods( arachnids, insects, myriapods, crustaceans), round worms, echinoderms,porifera, flatworms, segmented worms, cnidarians, molluscs.

29. How to group plants
Plants without true roots, stems and leaves e.g Algae, Mosses and liverworts.
Plants with true roots, stems and leaves e.g plants that reproduce by spore ( ferns), Cone bearing plants e.g. acorns and flowering plants e.g hibiscus