1. Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2016.127
Figure 1 Candidate fluid biomarkers for pathophysiological processes related to traumatic brain injury
Figure 1 | Candidate fluid biomarkers for pathophysiological processes related to traumatic brain injury. Tau and neurofilament light (NFL) and neurofilament heavy (NFH), as well as spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs), are biomarkers for axonal injury. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a candidate biomarker for white matter integrity. Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1) are proteins that show enrichment in the neuronal soma, and are putative biomarkers for neuronal injury. In traumatic brain injury, activated astrocytes and microglia secrete S100-B and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as well as interleukins, cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF):serum albumin ratio is an established biomarker for blood–brain and/or blood–CSF barrier integrity. Plasma occludin is a candidate biomarker in the blood for the same function.
Zetterberg, H. & Blennow, K. (2016) Fluid biomarkers for mild traumatic brain injury and related conditions
Nat. Rev. Neurol. doi: /nrneurol