1. Ch. 6 The Framework of the Body
Skeletal System
Ch. 6 The Framework of the Body

2. WHY DO WE NEED A SKELETON?
It provides a framework for the body and gives it ___________.
It supports organs and ____________ them from injury.
It provides a place for muscles, ligaments, and tendons of the body to ____________ to.
It helps to make ________________ possible.
It stores ______________.
It provides a place for __________________.

3. WHAT IS BONE AND WHAT IS IT MADE OF?
Bone is one of the types of ______________ tissue in the body.
It is also called _____________ tissue.
It is made up of water and mineral salts.
________________ is the formation of or conversion into bone or a bony substance (calcification is the deposition of calcium in a tissue).

4. WHAT IS BONE MADE OF?
The outer surface is called _____________ BONE and is very dense.
It is the thickest in the midshaft of a long bone to provide strength and prevent bending of the bone
The inner layer is called ________________ BONE and is spongy and latticelike and is less dense than compact bone

5. WHAT IS BONE MADE OF?
The SHAFT (____________) of the bone contains the _____________ CAVITY
It is filled with YELLOW MARROW (fat storage) and RED MARROW (hematopoietic tissue)
Yellow marrow replaces red marrow as an animal ages.

6. WHAT IS BONE MADE OF?
________________ covers the surface of bone and is a tough, vascular membrane. It is where tendons, ligaments, and muscles attach to the body. It has a nerve and blood supply.
The inner layer of the periosteum contains ___________________ which are cells responsible for bone growth and repair.

7. WHAT IS BONE MADE OF ?
The medullary cavity of bone has arteries and veins that enter and exit the cavity via the ___________ ____________ which are openings in the bone

8. HOW DO BONES GROW?
They grow in LENGTH at the junction of the EPIPHYSIS and the DIAPHYSIS at the _____________ _________ (growth plate).
They grow in THICKNESS in the layers of the periosteum.

9. HOW DO BONES GROW?
Bones are stimulated to grow via ___________ HORMONE (GH) which is produced by the ____________ gland.
There is a teamwork between ______________ producing bony tissue and _______________ eating away bony tissue to prevent the bone from becoming too thick. This process slows as an animal ages.

10. SHAPES OF BONE ________ (femur, humerus) ________ (carpal bones)
________ (sternum, scapula)
____________ (vertebrae)

11. AXIAL & APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Skull
Axial
Vertebral Column
Appendicular
Hyoid bone
(apparatus)
Shoulder girdle
Pelvic girdle
Ribcage
&
Sternum
Front/Back Legs
&
Paws
AXIAL & APPENDICULAR SKELETON
AXIAL SKELETON: SKULL, HYOID BONE,VERTEBRAL COLUMN, RIBS, STERNUM
APPENDICULAR SKELETON:
BONES OF THE LIMBS

12. Axial Skeleton

13. SKULL 2 major segments: Bones of the Cranium and Facial Bones
PURPOSE: protects the brain and the sensory organs.
The ONLY mobile bone is the ______________________ (lower jaw)
The skull bones unite at the ____________.

14. SINUSES are located within the skull and are _______- filled cavities
Sinuses are usually named for the skull bone that contains the sinus
The nares open into 2 major air passages that end in the pharynx. The nasal passages are filled with very fine scrolls of bone called ___________________.
These are covered in pink mucosa. Air is warmed, moistened, and filtered as it passes through the turbinates in the nose on the way to the lungs. 

15. CRANIAL BONES FRONTAL BONES – form the forehead
Horns are an extension of the frontal bone
PARIETAL BONES – form upper part of each side of the skull
TEMPORAL BONES – form the lower part of the sides of the skull.
OCCIPITAL BONE – forms the back of the skull
foramen magnum– opening at the base of the occipital bone that allows the spinal cord to pass from the skull to the spine

16. CRANIAL BONES

17. FACIAL BONES MAXILLA – bone that forms the upper jaw
MANDIBLE – forms the lower jaw. Only movable bone in the skull
maxilla
mandible

18. Hyoid Bone (Apparatus)
U shaped structure made up of both bone and cartilage. Suspends the tongue, larynx, and floor of the mouth

19. VERTEBRAL COLUMN (backbone)
There are 5 types of vertebrae: ____________(C), ____________ (T), ______________ (L), ____________ (S), _______________ (Cy)

20. Each vertebrae has a body and an arch.
Body – bears the weight
Arch – forms the canal that houses the spinal cord
Intervertebral discs are between the bodies
-Made of cartilage and serve as shock absorbers

21. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE 1st vertebrae: _______: supports the skull
2nd vertebrae: _____:
what the atlas rotates on

22. THORACIC VERTEBRAE Attach to ribs
Thoracic Cage: composed of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and sternum
protects the vital organs of the chest and allows the lungs to expand and contract during respiration

23. RIBS PURPOSE: form the thoracic wall and protect the heart and lungs
Flat, curved
Each rib has bony and cartilagenous components
The cartilagenous component is located ventrally
They unite at the ___________________ junction

24. STERNUM BREASTBONE Located on ventral midline of chest
Flat bones called STERNEBRAE that connect to each other via cartilage
Most cranial bone is the __________________
Most caudal bone is the __________________

25. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE SACRAL VERTEBRAE Support the abdomen
One bone that results from the fusion of 3-5 vertebrae
Attaches to pelvis
SACRAL VERTEBRAE

26. COCCYGEAL VERTEBRAE Also called caudal or tail vertebrae
Can be docked- spinal cord ends near the lumbosacral junction

27. APPENDICULAR SKELETON

28. Forelimb SCAPULA (shoulder blade) HUMERUS (upper arm)
Large triangular bone on the side of the thorax
HUMERUS (upper arm)
ULNA and RADIUS (forearm)
Ulna forms the elbow
CARPUS (wrist)
Numerous short/irregular bones arranged in 2 rows

29. DIGITS (toes) METACARPALS (palm)
Vary in number between species (Ex: dog – 5, horse – 3)
Numbered from medial to lateral
DIGITS (toes)
PHALANGES are located within the digits
Usually 3 phalanges in one digit (P1, P2, P3)

30. PELVIS (hip) Pubis Ilium Ischium IIium – the largest bone
3 pairs of bones that fuse to become one
IIium – the largest bone
Flares out to the side
Pubis – Most ventral
Ischium – strongest, most caudal
Pubis
Ilium
Ischium

31. Hindlimb FEMUR (thigh) PATELLA (kneecap) TIBIA (shin) AND FIBULA
Longest bone in the body
Forms part of the STIFLE (knee)
PATELLA (kneecap)
TIBIA (shin) AND FIBULA
Tibia is larger than fibula, and bears more weight

32. TARSUS (ankle) METATARSALS (foot) DIGITS (toes) Called HOCK in animals
Composed of numerous irregularly shaped bones arranged in rows
METATARSALS (foot)
Very similar to metacarpals
Vary in number between species
Numbered medial to lateral
DIGITS (toes)
Same as forelimb

33. JOINTS - an articulation between bones and cartilage that is held in place by ligaments
Degrees of Joint Movement:
SYN/ARTHR/O/SES (Fibrous joints)
no movement
Ex: Skull (sutures)
AMPHI/ARTHR/O/SES (Cartilaginous joints)
slight movement
Ex: Pelvis at pubic symphysis, vertebral column
DI/ARTHR/O/SES (Synovial joints)
freely movable
Most numerous in the body
Ex: Hip joint, shoulder joint
together, with/ joint/ cv/ state or condition plural
both/ joint/ cv/ state or condition plural
two, twice/ joint/ cv/ state or condition plural

34. Types of Movement ____________ – bending at a joint
_____________ – straightening at a joint
______________ – moving a body part away from the body
______________ – moving a body part toward the body
______________ – turning a body part on its axis
________________ – circular movement

35. Types of Movement

36. Questions?