1. The Chemical Basis of the Body
CHEMISTRY
The Chemical Basis of the Body

2. MATTER anything that has mass and occupies space solid - liquid – gas
Made up of chemical building blocks called ELEMENTS
“you take up space, you have a mass, YOU MATTER!”

3. Elements
The building blocks of matter

4. Atoms the smallest unit of Matter
That can enter into chemical reactions
two basic parts
Nucleus
Electrons

5. Nucleus Protons (+ charge) Neutrons (uncharged)
# of protons = elements Atomic Number
Neutrons (uncharged)
charge of the Nucleus is +
Electrons - negatively charged particles-orbit around the nucleus
# of electrons always equals the # of protons in an atom

6. Other Elements

7. Ions When an element loses or gains an electron
Potassium( K+) and Sodium(Na+) are important ions in the body
Also called Cations and Anions

8. Most Abundant Elements
There are 26 elements in the body
Most abundant are CHON
96% of total body mass
O2 is most abundant at 65%

9. Molecules
The combination of two or more elements held together by a chemical reaction.
May be atoms of the same element
H2, O2, N2, etc.
May be atoms of different elements
NaCl, HCl etc.

10. Compounds
A substance that can be broken down into two or more elements by chemical means.
Molecules of a compound always contain atoms of two or more different elements.
***All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds***

11. Compounds
Combination of two or more atoms

12. Cations
Cations
Cations are formed when an atom loses an electron or electrons to another atom creating an overall positive charge.
Example: Na+

13. Anions
Anions
An anion is formed when an atom gains an electron or electrons from another atom creating an overall negative charge. Example: Cl-

14. Chemical Bonding
Chemical bonds are formed between atoms when electrons in the outermost orbital are gained, lost, or shared

15. Ionic Bonding One loses and one gains an electron
held together by the attraction
strongest type of chemical bonding

16. Covalent Bonding the sharing of electron pairs
single covalent bond = share one pair of electrons
double covalent bond = share two pairs of electrons
triple covalent bonds = share three pairs of electrons

17. Hydrogen Bonds covalently bond with H and another element
very weak bond (5%)
Often serves as a bridge between molecules.
Easily broken

18. Polar Bond Unequal sharing of electrons
Property of water that aids in movement of water

19. pH
A scale used to describe the degree of acidity or alkalinity (basicity) of a solution.
Actually represents the number of H+ ions or OH- ions in solution.
H+ is acidic
OH- is basic

20. pH scale ranging from 0-14. Based on the number of H+ ions
Acid-below 7
Base-above 7
A neutral substance has a pH of 7.0.
The Ph of blood:
(alkaline) ranging from 7.35 to 7.45.

21. Water Universal solvent transports substances Lubricant
Absorbs and releases heat slowly
Aids in chemical reactions
Most important inorganic compound

22. Solute, solvent, solution
L/G in which some other solute has been dissolved
Solute
Atom or molecule that has been dissolved

23. Solution
The aqueous combination of a solvent and solute

24. Inorganic compounds Lack carbon Vital for homeostasis
Many are ionically bonded
Water
Acids
Bases
Salts

25. Organic Compounds Organic Compounds
Contain carbon, hydrogen and Oxygen
Held together by covalent bonds

26. Carbohydrates Formula is C6H12O6.
structural units in DNA and cell membrane
MAJOR ENERGY SOURCE for the body.
ONLY energy source for brain and nerve cells.
Blood sugar is known as glucose

27. Lipids (FATS) insoluble in water
Most common are triglycerides composed of glycerol and fatty acids.
second source of energy
Protects body organs
Provides insulation and warmth
Absorbs fat soluble vitamins
Forms sex hormones and steroids--see handout

28. Proteins building blocks called Amino Acids (20)
structure of body tissues
Form enzymes which are catalysts
antibodies
Regulate Osmotic pressure in the blood
Function as storage molecules

29. Nucleic Acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
Contain the atoms C,H,O,N AND P
DNA stores the genetic code on chromosome
DNA and RNA assist with protein synthesis
A-T & C-G

30. Structure of RNA RNA is formed by a single strand of nucleotides
RNA can leave the nucleus
Helps make proteins
Transfers amino acids for proteins

31. Adenosine-TriPhosphate (ATP)
in all living systems
Drives all chemical reactions
Occurs through a process called cellular respiration
ATP + H20 <----> ADP + P + ENERGY

32. Electrolytes Ions in the fluids of the body
Essential to many processes in the body
Can be lost through fluid loss

33. The End!
ATP is found in the Mitochondria