1. Growth of Monarchies THE CHUUUUUUUURRRRRCCCCHHHH
Early Middle Ages
Growth of Monarchies
THE CHUUUUUUUURRRRRCCCCHHHH

2. Growth of Monarchies
Monarchs begin to CENTRALIZE power, would begin to challenge the Pope for authority
England-William the Conqueror, Henry II, John, Edward
France-Capetians, Philip Augustus, Louis IX, Philip IV
Holy Roman Empire (Germany & surrounding lands)- Otto, Henry IV, Frederick Barbarossa

3. Growth of Monarchies-England
William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy, France) conquers Britain
Claimed all land in England as his own; established Feudal System in England
Ordered a survey/census---purpose?
Results collected in the Domesday Book
Used to create a central tax system for England

4. Growth of Monarchies-England
Magna Carta
King’s growing power worried Nobles
New tax imposed to finance war, Nobles took action
Forced him to sign (1215), limiting King’s power
Sets stage for British Parliament
Kings not above the Law
Ideas of Limited Government & Executive Power
Parliament
King agreed to meet with members of the nobility, the clergy & the middle class to discuss key issues facing the country
Council eventually developed into Parliament, the governing body that still makes England’s laws today
Tool to strengthen the Monarchy, rather than limiting it

6. Authority of the Church
Theory***
Church has authority in spiritual matters
Kings have authority in political matters
Reality...Church & King competed for power***
Papal Supremacy
Pope Innocent III
The pope stands “between God and men, lower than God but higher than men, who judges all and is judged by no one”

7. Religion as Unifying Force
In the Middle Ages, religion held people together and bonded them in a time of political turmoil and warfare
Even though everyday life was hard, anybody could follow the Seven Sacraments to salvation
Through the priest, the sinner could receive absolution and be rescued from spending eternity in hell

8. Church Authority: Canon Law
All medieval Christians, kings and peasants alike, were subject to canon law (Church law)
Matters like marriage and religious practices
Established courts to try people accused of breaking canon law
Harshest punishments:
Excommunication
Banishment from the Church and you were denied salvation (meaning you could not go to Heaven)
Interdict
Sacraments & religious services could not be performed in the king’s lands

9. Church Authority: Canon Law
Pope used excommunication and interdict as political weapons
A disobedient king might get excommunicated
The king’s vassals would be freed from all their duties to him
If king continued to disobey Pope, an interdict could be issued against him
Sacraments & religious services could not be performed in the king’s lands
As Christians, the king’s subjects believed that without such sacraments they might be doomed to hell, so the king lost his authority

10. Emperor Clashes with Pope
Pope Gregory VII
He resented the fact that kings had control over clergy
He banned lay investiture in 1075
Ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials
Henry IV
Called a meeting of bishops and ordered Gregory to step down from the papacy
Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry
Bishops & priests sided with the Pope
Henry decided he wanted the Pope’s forgiveness

11. Emperor Clashes with Pope
Showdown at Canossa
January 1077 – Henry traveled to this town in the Alps and waited in the snow for three days, begging for forgiveness
Pope Gregory forgave Henry
Henry had been humiliated, but he felt triumphant and rushed home to punish rebellious nobles
Significant? Pope had the power to stand up to Kings!

12. Feudal Monarchy & Papal Hierarchies (Structure)

13. Pope’s Power VS Kings Power
Popes: Leaders of the Christian Church; They have spiritual power over all Christians; Practice Cannon Law and had harsh punishments for those who broke the law. They could excommunicate or issues interdicts. Popes were chosen from the college of Cardinals
Kings: Leaders of their Kingdom/Country, They have political power over all in their kingdom; King’s Law; They could fine, arrest, torture, and/or kill those who broke the law ; Kings inherited the throne from a family member