1. Ranching & Farming, A New Century
Texas History,
Chapters 18 and 20

2. Spanish Introduce Cattle
The first cattle brought to America arrived on the ships of Spanish explorers in the 1500s.

3. Spanish Bring Horses
Mustangs: Small, hardy horses descended from horses brought by the Spanish

4. Early Ranchers Vaqueros, or cowhands, herded and drove cattle
Mexican American vaqueros were found on South Texas ranches

5. Early Ranchers Open Range: public land that could be used by anyone
Before the Civil War, most cattle lived on the open range and were slaughtered for their hides

6. King Ranch
Richard King bought the Santa Gertrudis, old Spanish land grant on the southern Gulf Coast
King Ranch became one of the largest in Texas

7. Trail Drives
Cattle were driven, or moved, in large herds to railroad towns to find better markets

8. Trail Drives
Livestock were kept at stockyards, or holding pens, in major railroad towns of Chicago and St. Louis

9. Major Cattle Trails
Sedalia Trail ran between Texas and Sedalia, Missouri
Missouri farmers complained that cattle destroyed their crops; farmers blocked trails by building fences and barricades

10. Major Cattle Trails
Joseph McCoy persuaded railroads and cattle drovers to meet further west to avoid Missouri

11. Major Cattle Trails
Drovers used the Chisolm Trail through Austin, Waco and Fort Worth to avoid Missouri
Chisolm Trail was named after Jesse Chisolm, a Native American trader

12. Major Cattle Trails
Goodnight-Loving Trail was used to move cattle west to the ranges of New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming and Montana

13. Life Along the Trail
Wrangler’s job was to take care of the horses

14. Life Along the Trail
Cowhands took turns “riding herd” at night, standing guard to prevent stampedes or raids by Native Americans or rustlers

15. Life Along the Trail
Few battles with Native Americans: drovers had to pay tolls to cross the Indian territory

16. Big Ranches
After the buffalo were wiped out and Native Americans were removed from the Plains, West Texas and the Panhandle became open to ranchers

17. Big Ranches
Thomas Bugbee founded the Shoe Bar Ranch, one of the most famous of the large ranches
The invention of barbed wire ended the open range

18. Big Ranches
Ranchers began enclosing their lands, cutting off the water supply to other ranchers’ herds
Windmills pumped water from wells, making fenced pastures possible.

19. Big Ranches Cattle were branded to show ownership
Ranchers often branded their cattle with their initials
Ex: JA ranch in Palo Duro Canyon belonged to John Adair

20. Decline of Ranching
Severe blizzards and long droughts in the 1880s led to a decline in cattle ranching
Too many cattle meant rangelands were overgrazed and cattle prices fell

21. Sheep Industry
After the Civil War, a growing demand for wool brought even more sheep ranchers to Texas

22. Cultures Meet in Ranch Country
Mexican American vaqueros were found on South Texas ranches
Most shepherds were Mexican Americans

23. Cultures Meet in Ranch Country
African Americans were cowhands and trail bosses
Women also settled the frontier and built ranches

24. A New Century
By 1900, Dallas had emerged as the major city in central Texas.

25. Texas Gold
The discovery of a major oil deposit changed the economy of Texas and the U.S.
Gusher at Spindletop began the oil boom in Texas

26. Spindletop
1901: oil field near Beaumont produced four times as much oil as had been produced by ALL Texas oil wells the previous year

27. Boomtowns
Populations of Beaumont and Humble grew practically overnight
Humble Oil Company later became the multinational corporation known as Exxon-Mobil

28. Good Luck on Your Test!