1. 1 The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C.
QUIT 1
CHAPTER
The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C.
Chapter Overview
Time Line
SECTION 1
Human Origins in Africa
GRAPH
SECTION 2
Humans Try to Control Nature
MAP
SECTION 3
Patterns of Change: Civilization
Visual Summary

2. 1 The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C.
HOME 1
CHAPTER
The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C.
Chapter Overview
Human beings first emerge in East Africa. As they evolve, they develop complex technology and spread over most of the world. In some areas, people develop agriculture and settled villages, some of which eventually grow into complex cities and develop the five traits of civilization.

3. 1 The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C. HOME Time Line
CHAPTER
The Peopling of the World, Prehistory–2500 B.C.
Time Line
4,000,000 B.C. First hominids appear in Africa.
1,600,000 B.C. Homo erectus appears.
8000 B.C. Neolithic Age begins; first agriculture takes place.
2600 B.C. City of Ur flourishes in Sumer.
4,000,000 B.C.
2500 B.C.
2,500,000 B.C. Paleolithic Age begins.
40,000 B.C. Cro-Magnons appear.
3000 B.C. Bronze Age begins in Mesopotamia.

4. Human Origins in Africa
HOME 1
Human Origins in Africa
Key Idea
The first hominids emerge in East Africa about 3.6 million years ago. They gradually develop large brains and learn to make tools and use fire, which allows them to spread over the earth.
Overview
Assessment

5. Human Origins in Africa
HOME 1
Human Origins in Africa
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• artifact
• culture
• hominid
• Paleolithic Age
• Neolithic Age
• technology
• Homo sapiens
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Fossil evidence shows that the earliest humans originated in Africa.
Early humans’ discoveries helped them survive, grow in numbers, and spread across the globe.
Assessment

6. Human Origins in Africa
HOME 1
Human Origins in Africa
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List
the advances, discoveries, and inventions of hominids.
Australopithecines
Homo erectus
Neanderthals
Cro-Magnons
Upright walking, opposable thumb
Toolmaking, mastery of fire, language
Burial rights, care of their disabled, building of shelters
Advanced hunting and language skills
continued . . .

7. Human Origins in Africa
HOME 1
Human Origins in Africa
Section 1
Assessment
2. How do recent findings keep revising knowledge of the prehistoric past?
THINK ABOUT
• modern scientific methods
• the way various species of hominids are classified
• dates relating to hominids
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• By providing more accurate dates relating to when and where various hominids originated
By providing scientific evidence supporting how hominids are classified into different species
continued . . .

8. Human Origins in Africa
HOME 1
Human Origins in Africa
Section 1
Assessment
3. Which of the following skills—toolmaking, the use of fire, or the development of language—do you think gave hominids the most control over their environment? Why? THINK ABOUT
• the kinds of tools early humans developed
• the various uses of fire
• the benefits of language
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• Toolmaking, because it enabled hominids to hunt game and build shelters.
Fire, because it allowed hominids to survive in cold climates.
Language, because it helped hominids coordinate hunts and other tasks.
End of Section 1

9. Humans Try to Control Nature
HOME 2
Humans Try to Control Nature
GRAPH
Key Idea
People gradually give up hunting and gathering and learn to cultivate crops, domesticate animals, and live in settled villages. Some villages grow and prosper, developing complex social and economic systems that set the stage for the development of civilization.
Overview
Assessment

10. Humans Try to Control Nature
HOME 2
Humans Try to Control Nature
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• nomad
• hunter-gatherer
• Neolithic Revolution
• slash-and-burn farming
• domestication
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The development of agriculture spurred an increase in population and the growth of a settled way of life.
New methods for obtaining food and the development of technology laid the foundations for modern civilizations.
Assessment

11. Development of Agriculture
HOME 2
Humans Try to Control Nature
GRAPH
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the effects of the development of agriculture.
Development of Agriculture
Rise in population
Emergence of farming villages
More available food
More cultural developments
New farming tools
More stable communities
continued . . .

12. Humans Try to Control Nature
HOME 2
Humans Try to Control Nature
GRAPH
Section 2
Assessment
2. Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?
THINK ABOUT
• the migrations of early peoples
• changes in the earth’s climate
• a rise in human population
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
• Global warming trends resulted in longer growing seasons; a rich supply of grain helped support a population boom.
A rise in population placed pressure on hunter-gatherers, who had migrated throughout the world, to find new sources of food.
End of Section 2

13. Civilization Key Idea CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer 3
HOME 3
Civilization
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer
MAP
Key Idea
Large cities develop well-defined social systems and powerful institutions. Eventually they develop the five characteristics of civilization. One of the first cities to develop civilization is Ur in Sumer.
Overview
Assessment

14. Civilization Overview CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer 3 • civilization
HOME 3
Civilization
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• civilization
• specialization
• artisan
• institution
• scribe
• cuneiform
• Bronze Age
• barter
• ziggurat
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Prospering agricultural villages, food surpluses, and new technology led to the rise of civilizations.
Contemporary civilizations share the same character-istics typical of ancient civilizations.
Assessment

15. Civilization 3 CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer 3
HOME 3
Civilization
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer
MAP
Section 3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the five characteristics of civilization and give an example from Ur.
Example from Ur
Characteristics of Civilization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Advanced Cities
Ur’s population of about 30,000 people
Specialized Workers
Traders, artisans, and scribes
Complex Institutions
Religion under the authority of priests
Record Keeping
Cuneiform tablets
Advanced Technology
Irrigation systems
continued . . .

16. Civilization 3 CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer 3
HOME 3
Civilization
PATTERNS
OF CHANGE
CASE STUDY: Ur in Sumer
MAP
Section 3
Assessment
2. In what ways does the ziggurat of Ur reveal that Sumerians had developed an advanced civilization?
THINK ABOUT
• the skills required to build the monument
• the various purposes of the ziggurat
• its location
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Builders and engineers in Ur had the advanced technology to design a complex building.
Religion played an important role in people’s lives.
Ur was an advanced city.
End of Section 3