1. GAS ANALYSIS - Anaerobic sludge digestion & - Anaerobic treatment of high BOD containing wastes (~1500mg/L) Methane Formation

2. Gas produced contains; CO 2 33-38% CH 4 55-65% N 2 H 2 S Heating value: 600 Btu / ft 3 (5330 kcal/m 3 ) Anaerobic digester can be heated with this energy.

3. Heating value depends on the waste strength. Composition of the gas is related with conditions in the reactor. CO 2 / CH 4 ratio Character of the substrate

4. Analyze the gases produced *Determine fuel value * Monitor treatment

5. * If CO 2 content increases indicates trouble in anaerobic treatment * H concentration should be low, high H Digester upset

6. Methods of Analysis Volumetric Procedure : (Simple Method) Orsat Apparatus is used O 2, CH 4, H 2, CO 2, N 2 Gas Chromatography : Advantage : speed CH 4,CO 2, air (N 2 + O 2 )

7. Gas Chromatography Previously calibrated for each gas Suitable for routine work, frequent analysis TCD (Thermo Conductivity Detector) is used in GC for gas analysis

8. Volumetric Analysis Combustion of hydrogen and methane Measure amount of CO 2 produced during combustion If hydrogen and methane burned together Possibility of explosion

9. Volumetric Analysis (continue) Separate oxidation of H 2 and CH 4 * Hydrogen oxidized by passing the gas through a heated unit charged with cupric oxide * Methane is oxidized by bringing it and O 2 with a catalyst at a lower temperature.

10. CO 2 Take 100 mL sample, contact with a solution of KOH CO 2 + 2KOH K 2 CO 3 + H 2 O Potassium Carbonate

11. CO 2 (Continue) CO 2 disappears from the gaseous phase Volume reduction = V CO2

12. Hydrogen Sulfide H 2 S + 2KOH K 2 S + 2H 2 O Volume of H 2 S is too small, can be ignored

13. O2O2 * Very little possibility of O 2 existence in anaerobic digester gas. Can enter during sampling. * If more than 0.1-0.2 % Indicates poor sampling technique

14. O 2 (continue) * Measured by using alkaline pyrogallol Under alkaline condition pyrogallol (1,2,3-trihydroxy-benzene) is oxidized by oxygen * Measure CO 2. Volume reduction = V O2 (CO 2 present should be removed previously)

15. Hydrogen * Pass the gas mixture over cupric oxide @ 290-300 o C * H 2 is oxidized to water (methane is not) Water vapor formed condenses at lower temperature Cool the sample Measure volume loss after contact with heated cupric oxide

16. Methane * After removal of hydrogen oxidize methane by slow combustion or catalytic oxidation * Stoichiometry is important to calculate required amount of O 2 for combustion CH 4 + 2 O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O

17. Nitrogen Inert gas V N2 = V T - (V CO2 + V O2 + V H2 + V CH4 )

18. Collection - Storage *Glass / metal tubes *Gum – rubber balloons ( Pervious to H 2 and CH 4 !!) Use displacing fluid to transfer the gas sample to the apparatus

19. Collection - Storage Temperature changes affect the analysis. If combustion is applied, measure gas volume after the temperature returns to original value.

20. Collection- Storage Confining liquid: Hg (ideal, but have health hazards, used in precise inst) Water Solvent power Aqueous solution 20% Sodium sulfate, 5% H 2 SO 4

21. Hydrogen Sulfide H 2 S corrosive If gas will be used as a fuel, should contain < 1.14 mg/L H 2 S + I 2 2HI + S Excess iodine is indicated with starch indicator.