1. Unit 8 Vertebrates

2. Fish (Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fish and Osteichthyes – bony fish)
Digestive – system (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestine) are herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, detritus feeders
Respiratory – gills, some have a modified swim bladder (lungs)
Circulatory – closed, 2-chambered heart
Nervous- brain and nervous system, lateral line for chemical sense; some can conduct electricity, some are bioluminescent; ectotherms
Excretory – excrete ammonia, have kidneys, solid waste also
Reproductive – sexual, oviparous or ovoviviparous
EX: sharks, rays, goldfish, trout

4. Amphibians
Digestive: young are herbivores, adults are carnivorous, have digestive systems with mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines; have a single posterior body opening, the cloaca
Respiratory: young have gills, adults have lungs; have thin skin which also absorbs some oxygen
Circulatory: a three-chambered heart, a closed, double loop system
Nervous: brain and spinal cord; ectotherms
Excretory: kidneys with bladder and cloaca; liquid wastes are urine
Reproductive: sexual; eggs are laid in water, wrapped in leaves, or on moist ground
Examples: frogs, toads, salamanders

5. Walking Catfish https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZg0s2wmZFI

7. Reptiles
Digestive: system as with amphibians, have a single posterior body opening, the cloaca
Respiratory: only lungs
Circulatory: a three or four chambered heart, closed, double loop system
Nervous: brain, spinal cord and nervous system, heat senses, ectotherms
Excretory: kidneys conserve water by limiting water in wastes; excrete urea; have an anus
Reproductive: sexual: viviparous or ovoviparous
Examples: snakes, lizards, turtles

9. Aves (Birds)
Digestive: system includes a mouth, esophagus, crop, gizzard, stomach and intestines
Respiratory: lungs; hollow bones assist in breathing
Circulatory: four-chambered heart, closed, double-loop system
Nervous: Brain and spinal cord with nervous system; well- developed senses; magnetic senses for navigation, endotherms
Excretory: kidneys create uric acid to conserve water, out through the cloaca
Reproductive: sexual; all are oviparous
Examples: robins, penguins, ostriches

11. As birds breathe, air is first pushes in the air sacs, with the “inhale,” then is pushed into the lungs with the “exhale.”

12. Mammals
Digestive: An alimentary canal with the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Accessory organs like the liver and pancreas
Respiratory: lungs
Circulatory: closed, double-loop system with 4 chambered heart
Nervous: brain with spinal cord and nerves; endotherms
Excretory: liquid wastes filtered from blood by kidneys and excreted through urethra as urine. Solid wastes accumulate in rectum and are excreted through anus
Reproductive: sexual, some are eutherian ; some are monotremes, some are marsupials
Examples: humans, dogs, cats