1. Diagnostic Technology & Intro to Organ Systems
Chapter 3
Diagnostic Technology & Intro to Organ Systems

2. Learning Goal
To better understand advances in technology in how they work and serve to benefit our health
To learn about the various organ systems in the human body

3. Medical Imaging Technology
You cannot see through someone
Their cells and organelles are NOT transparent
So then how do we find out when something is wrong inside the body?
Today doctors use a variety of Medical Imaging Technology to see what is happening inside a person’s cells, tissues, and organs

4. Medical Imaging Technology
The types of technology we will be learning about include
X-Rays
Ultrasound
Endoscopy
CT / CAT scan
MRI

5. A) X- Rays X-rays are particles of electromagnetic radiation
They are used to show doctors what is going on inside your body.
An x-ray machine sends out invisible x ray particles, which pass through your bones
A computer or special film records this and produces pictures of what is happening inside you for your doctor to see. 

6. A) X- Rays

7. B) Ultrasounds Ultrasound has been a popular
medical imaging technique for
many years
It uses high frequency sound
waves and their echoes
The sound waves travel into your body and hit a boundary between tissues (e.g. soft tissue and bone)
Some of the sound waves get reflected back to a probe, while some travel on further until they reach another boundary and get reflected
The reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed to the machine in an image
The ultrasound machine transmits high-frequency (1 to 5 megahertz) sound pulses into your body using a probe.
The sound waves travel into your body and hit a boundary between tissues (e.g. between fluid and soft tissue, soft tissue and bone).
Some of the sound waves get reflected back to the probe, while some travel on further until they reach another boundary and get reflected.
The reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed to the machine.
The machine calculates the distance from the probe to the tissue or organ (boundaries) using the speed of sound in tissue (5,005 ft/s or1,540 m/s) and the time of the each echo's return (usually on the order of millionths of a second).
The machine displays the distances and intensities of the echoes on the screen, forming a two dimensional image like the one shown below.

8. C) Endoscopy
Endoscopes use a tiny camera and a light attached to a flexible tube to be inserted into the human body to better diagnose and sometime provide treatment
They can be used for parts of the digestive tract

9. D) CT / CAT Scan
CT stands for computerized tomography, AKA computerized axial tomography (CAT)
These scans are a series of X-ray images taken from different angles
Uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images, or slices, of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body
Where a 3D object is transferred into a 2D image

10. D) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
An MRI scanner consists of a large doughnut-shaped magnet that often has a tunnel in the center
Patients are placed on a table that slides into the tunnel
During the examination, radio waves manipulate the magnetic position of the atoms of the body, which are picked up by a powerful antenna and sent to a computer
The computer performs millions of calculations, resulting in clear, cross-sectional black-and-white images of the body
These images can be converted into 3D pictures of the scanned area
These images help to pinpoint problems in the body.

11. D) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

12. Medical Imaging
MRI / CT

13. Understanding the Human Body
Chapter Three

14. Body’s Organization
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function work together as tissues
2 or more organs that function together is an organ system

15. Body’s Organization There are 11 organ systems in the human body
Nervous, Endocrine, Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Skeletal, Muscular, Urinary, Integumentary, and the Immune / Lymphatic system
Each system may be separate in their identity, but often work with many others
They can be subdivided based on similarities

17. Organ Systems A) Organ Systems that Coordinate Communication
The Nervous system is a network of cells specialized to detect, interpret, and respond to events occurring inside and outside of the body
The Endocrine system releases hormones throughout the body
These hormones are important to the function of reproduction, development, maintaining balance, and how the body responds to stress

18. Organ Systems B) Organ Systems that Gain Energy
The Digestive system breaks down food into smaller molecules of what they are originally made out of
The body’s cells use these food molecules for ENERGY to help cells work
The Circulatory system sends important substances, like food, medicine, oxygen, carbon dioxide, throughout the body
The Respiratory system works by exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the atmosphere around us.

19. Organ Systems C) Organ Systems that Support & Move the body
The Skeletal system includes bones and connective tissue (made up of ligaments and cartilage)
Bones protect soft organs and are used to keep muscles attached to something
The Muscular system includes 3 different types of muscle tissue that provide movement for the body
Skeletal muscles move the skeleton
Smooth muscles help organs move on the inside, like how cardiac muscles help your heart beat

20. Organ Systems D) Organ systems that Protect the body
The Urinary system filters and removes dissolved waste molecules
It also helps keep water, pH, and blood levels balances in the body
The Integumentary system – is your skin, nails, & hair
Works to protect the body, help control temperature , and contribute to water balance
The Immune and Lymphatic system work to protect the body from infections, injury, and cancer cells

21. Organ Systems
E) Organ systems that work to Produce the Next Generation
The Reproductive system includes organs that make and transport sperm and eggs