1. ZOOLOGY Intro to Animals
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2. Biology = study of life Physiology = Study of the functions of organs
Anatomy = the structure of the organism/organs
Zoology = study of animals

3. Which of these is an “animal”?

4. Answer: They are all animals!

5. Animal Groups
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6. Animal Kingdom Phyla Phylum Porifera – sponges
Phylum Cnidaria – sea anemones, jellyfish, hydra

7. Phylum Platyhelminthes - flatworms
Free-living Planarian
Parasitic Tapeworm

8. Phylum Nematoda – roundworms
Phylum Annelida – segmented worms

9. Phylum Mollusca – clams, squid, snails

10. Phylum Arthropoda – crustaceans, insects, spiders
This is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom and contains the most number of species

11. Phylum Echinodermata - starfish

12. Phylum Chordata – includes all vertebrates

13. Characteristics of ALL Animals:
Are EUKARYOTES
cells have nucleus & membrane bound organelles
Are HETEROTROPHIC
get food from consuming other organisms
Are MULTICELLULAR
made of many cells
Show SPECIALIZATION
different kinds of cells do different jobs

14. Characteristics of ALL Animals:
5. MOVE (at some point in life cycle)
for food, find mates, escape danger
Contain DNA
which carries the genetic code
7. REPRODUCE
Make offspring
Most have sexual reproduction (few asexual)

15. 10 Body Systems : (fur, skin, scales, feathers) 1. INTEGUMENTARY
OUTSIDE BODY COVERING
(fur, skin, scales, feathers)
Covers and protects, ID, prevents heat & water loss
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Frog image from:
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16. Breaks down food to obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste
2. DIGESTIVE
Breaks down food to obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste
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17. NO OPENINGS: Food enters through skin

18. Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening
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Only one opening: FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening

19. FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)
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Two openings:
FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)

20. Two openings: Most efficient
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Two openings: Most efficient
If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization
(Different parts can start to do different jobs)

21. Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells
3. CIRCULATORY
Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells
Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells
Circulatory fluid can be:
inside blood vessels = CLOSED
loose inside body spaces = OPEN
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22. 4. RESPIRATORY Exchange gases with the environment take in oxygen
get rid of waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia)
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23. Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
5. EXCRETORY
Get rid of nitrogen waste made by cells
Help with HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining water/ion balance
(OSMOREGULATION)

24. NITROGEN WASTE : AMMONIA Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY
Needs MOST water to dilute
UREA Made from ammonia by liver
Less toxic than ammonia
Can be stored if diluted with water
(Needs less water to dilute than ammonia)
URIC ACID
LEAST TOXIC
(Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute)

25.
NITROGEN WASTE

26. Framework to support body/protection Skeleton on inside = ENDOSKELETON
6. SKELETAL
Framework to support body/protection
Skeleton on inside = ENDOSKELETON
Skeleton on outside = EXOSKELETON
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27. Locomotion- move body itself OR
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7. MUSCULAR
Locomotion- move body itself OR
move substances through body (EX: food through digestive system; blood through vessels)

28. 8. REPRODUCTIVE
Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent = ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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Planaria animation:

29. INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT - immature LARVA looks different than adult
DIRECT DEVELOPMENT young are smaller versions of
adults
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Frog image from:
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30. Sperm and egg join outside female’s body =
External fertilization
Sperm and egg join inside female’s body =
Internal fertilization
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31. Receive sensory info about environment &
9. NERVOUS
Receive sensory info about environment &
send response signals

32. 10. ENDOCRINE Make hormones that regulate other body systems
(only in higher animals)
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33. Kinds of Symmetry
No symmetry
Radial symmetry
Bilateral symmetry

34. ASYMMETRY = No symmetry
Doesn’t matter how you cut it; you never get 2 identical halves.
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35. Radial Symmetry Get 2 identical halves in several directions.
Jelly fish image:
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Get 2 identical halves in several directions.

36. Bilateral Symmetry
If divide animal down the middle you get 2 mirror images
BUT only divides equally in ONE direction
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37. Identify the Symmetry

38. Trends in Animal Evolution
Early Development
Animals begin life as a zygote (fertilized egg)

39. The cells in the zygote divide to form the BLASTULA - a hollow ball of cells

40. The blastula pinches inward to form three GERM LAYERS
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Digestive system,
respiratory
Muscle, excretory, bones, circulatory
Outer skin, brain, nervous system

42. 3 Types of Coeloms ACOELOM EUCOELOM PSEUDOCOELOM ectoderm mesoderm
endoderm
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43. Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)
Body cavity (space) formed within the mesoderm that surrounds the internal organs
ACOELOM = “without space”
No cavity (space) around organs
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44. FLATWORMS are ACOELOMATES!

45. Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)
Space around organs but only lined with mesoderm on one side
(lines body wall BUT NOT around gut)
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PSEUDOCOELOM

46. ROUND WORMS are PSEUDOCOELOMATES!

47. Kinds of Coeloms (See-Lums)
EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space) lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm
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EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM

48. EUCOELOMATES
ALL VERTEBRATES & SOME INVERTEBRATES

49. Advantages of having a COELOM (body space):
Provides space for internal organs
In animals without a skeleton- Fluid in coelom space can act as a HYDROSTATIC skeleton
In animals without blood vessels- Fluid in coelom space can circulate nutrients and oxygen to cells

50. WHY is a EUCOELOM the best?
Digestive organ muscles and body wall muscles come from MESODERM in different places so organism can digest food and move at same time.
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51. Which way is up? DORSAL (top) POSTERIOR tail end ANTERIOR head end
VENTRAL (underneath)
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52. Cephalization - an anterior concentration of sense organs (to have a head)
*The more complex the animals becomes the more pronounced their cephalization
Octopus – member of the class Cephalopoda (head-foot)

53. Segmentation
- "advanced" animals have body segments, and specialization of tissue (even humans are segmented, look at the ribs and spine)