1. Chapter 9 Early 19th. Century Industrialization in America:
The Market Revolution
Chapter 9

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: What were the results of early 19th. Century
industrialization
in America?

3. Industrial Revolution
1790 Sam Slater – first factory in America. Pawtucket, RI (N. Eng) fall line – river drops Industrial – Revolution -

4. American Factory system
Early “putting out” system – early factories made the cloth & then put it out to local families to assemble into articles of clothing. Waltham or American system – changed process so that all production done by factory. Lowell factories – due to shortage of workers, Francis Lowell hired girls and young women to work in his factories.

5. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes
I'm a factory girl Everyday filled with fear From breathing in the poison air Wishing for windows! I'm a factory girl Tired from the 13 hours of wok each day And we have such low pay Wishing for shorten work times! I'm a factory girl Never having enough time to eat Nor to rest my feet Wishing for more free time! I'm a factory girl Sick of all this harsh conditions Making me want to sign the petition! So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!
Poem published
in the Lowell
Offering.

6. The
Transportation
Revolution

7. Cumberland Road (National Road).
Started in 1811 it was the first road to be macadamized in 1830’s.

8. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1830’s roads connected most major cities.
How did a system of roads help Am. to develop?

9. Conestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820s

10. Erie Canal 1817 – 1825 through NY State
Erie Canal 1817 – through NY State. provided access to the “American Empire.”

11. Erie Canal – Connected the interior of the nation with the port of NY City making NY “The Empire State”

12. The success of Erie Canal sets off a 20-year canal building frenzy.

13. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
(patent)
1807: The Clermont on the Hudson River.
How did steam ships alter river travel?

14. Inland Freight Rates
How did the trend in freight rates help businesses?

15. Clipper Ships 1840’s – 1860’s
Developed for speed over long distance tea and gold trade. Hauled small valuable cargo long distances - FAST!.
Sleek hull design and a huge spread of sails increased speed

16. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

17. The RR Revolution, 1850s & 60’s
Immigrant labor built the Northern RRs.
Slave labor built the Southern RRs.
What advantage did railroads have over canals?

18. Transportation Revolution
Explain the connection between the
industrial and transportation revolutions.
2. What were the changes in transportation
between 1800 – 1850?
3. What was the role of government in
fostering the transportation revolution?
4. How did the transportation revolution
change America?
14:00

19. New
Inventions:
"Yankee Ingenuity"

20. Resourcefulness & Experimentation An age of inventors 1820 – 1900.
Yankee Ingenuity - Inventiveness. Find
solutions to practical problems. Self-reliance
and creativity.
Americans were first copiers, then innovators.
1800  patents were approved.
1860  4,357 “ “ “
Why did Americans become innovators?

21. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791
Patented, not invented!

22. Effect of the Cotton Gin on U.S. “The rise of “King Cotton”
Deepened the South’s reliance on a single cash crop economy

23. An unintended result of the Cotton Gin: Cotton production become more efficient, slaves were in greater demand and “Cotton Kingdom” expanded West.

24. Eli Whitney & Interchangeable Parts
Interchangeable Parts revolutionized the industrial revolution.

25. John Deere & the Steel Plow 1837
Steel plow breaks the thick sod of the Great Plains.

26. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831
Makes large-scale grain
production and possible and profitable.

27. Samuel Morse & the telegraph
Invented in 1840, the telegraph revolutionized
long-distance communication.

28. Charles Goodyear
Vulcanized rubber Gave rise to the synthetics & chemical industry.

29. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine

30. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Another leap in long distance communication.
No more battles 2 weeks after the treaty!

31. Laying the Transatlantic Cable

32. The “American Dream”
Material advance was seen as the result of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.
A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:
Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

33. The Northern
Industrial
"Juggernaut"

34. Boom/Bust Cycles:
The Industrial & Transportation Revolutions transformed businesses from small, local markets to huge, national markets where the individual lost power to the business cycle of the economy.

35. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate
Supreme Court Rulings (Marshall Court):
* Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – property rights
* Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) – contract
* Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – competition
* Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge (1835) - competition

36. Federal Gov’t Encourages Business
General Incorporation Law  passed in NY (1848) allowed easy incorporation.
How do corporations help business grow?
Federal government pursues a “Laissez faire” (hands off) attitude regarding business practices. This means the gov’t will allow businesses to do their own thing.

37. Distribution of Wealth
During the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population.
1845 Boston  top 4% owned > 65% of the wealth = Boston Associates owned all factories in N.E.
1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned > 50% of the wealth in the state.
The gap between rich and poor was widening!

38. New England Textile Centers: 1830s
Controlled by
the
Boston Associates.

39. New England Dominance in textile
production
as the
Industrial
Revolution
expands.

40. Lowell Factories
New England experienced a labor shortage. Francis Lowell hired young farm girls for his factories.

41. Waltham System
Waltham, Mass. Used mill girls, interchangeable parts and all manufacturing under one roof. (As opposed to the “putting out” system.)

42. The Early Union Movement
Early labor unions (guilds) were local, social and weak.
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842) legalized the creation of labor unions for honorable and peaceful protests.
3:40

43. What's
Happening in
America
by the 1850s?

44. Regional Specialization
North EAST  Quickly industrializing.
SOUTH  Growing reliance on Cotton &
Slavery.
WEST  The Nation’s “Breadbasket”
Is Regionalism (or Sectionalism) new?

45. American Population Centers in 1820

46. American Population Centers in 1860

47. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860
Why 1850’s

48. or American Party. Anti-immigrant especially Irish Catholics.
Nativism – Fear/distrust of foreigners.
Know-Nothing Party:
or American Party. Anti-immigrant especially Irish Catholics.
3:40

49. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

50. Market Revolution
Transformed America from a local or subsistence economy of scattered farmers and workshops of craftsmen into a national network of industry and commerce.
Farmers now planted crops for sale and purchased needed items. (Consumers)
As a result of the new efficiencies brought by the industrial revolution & cheap western lands, farmers will see their incomes fall.

51. 1. Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U. S
1. Describe how industrialization and capitalism impacted the U.S. economy.
Identify the inventions that enhanced people’s lives and helped fuel the country’s economic growth
3. Explain how improved transportation and communication systems helped to link America’s regions and make them more interdependent.

52. The results of early 19th. Cent. industrialization in America?
ECONOMIC?
POLITICAL?
The results of
early 19th. Cent.
industrialization
in America?
SOCIAL?
FUTURE PROBLEMS?
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