1. Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction
Type of Reproduction
Methods
Advantages
Disadvantages
Sexual
(Sperm meet Egg)
2 parents
Internal fertilization
Diversity in offspring
Offspring less likely to have mutations show up
Requires a mate to reproduce
Population increases are limited
External fertilization
Conjugation
Asexual
1 parent
Budding
Can increase populations rapidly
Does not require a mate for reproduction to take place
Lack of diversity in offspring
Because they reproduce offspring genetically identical to parents, the offspring inherit any mutations of the parent.
Spores
Fission

2. - Diversity in offspring
Definitions:
- Diversity in offspring
> def. – Diversity - the relative uniqueness of each
individual in the population
- offspring less likely to have mutations show up
> def. – Mutation – changes in DNA

3. Major Characteristics
Invertebrates
Type of Invertebrate
Major Characteristics
Examples
Type of Reproduction
Porifera
-Simplest
animals
can regenerate
body parts
Sponges
Asexual
Cnidaria
2 basic body shapes; medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra)
Jellyfish
Hydra
Platyhelminthes
Can regenerate most are parasites
Planaria **
Flukes
Flatworms
Sexual or

4. Major Characteristics
Type of Invertebrate
Major Characteristics
Examples
Type of Reproduction
Nematoda
Most are parasites
Roundworms
Pinworms
Hook Worms
Sexual
Mollusca
Broad Muscular foot
Layer of tissue
called mantle
Have shells
Group includes:
gastropods
bivalves &
cephalopods
Snails
Slugs
Clams
Oysters
Squids
Octopuses
Annelida
Closed circulatory system
Segmented worms
Earthworm
Bristle Worms
Leeches
Sexual(majority)
Asexual

5. Major Characteristics
Invertebrates (cont’d)
Type of Invertebrate
Major Characteristics
Examples
Type of Reproduction
Echinodermata
Endoskeleton covered with spines
Starfish
Sea Urchins
Sand Dollar
Asexual

6. Major Characteristics
Invertebrates (cont’d)
Type of Invertebrate
Major Characteristics
Examples
Type of Reproduction
Anthropods
-Jointed Legs
-Segmented body parts
-Exoskeleton
-Head and
well-developed brain
Centipedes
Millipedes
Sexual
Crustaceans
Arachnids
Insects

7. Sponges. - Simplest animals
Sponges - Simplest animals - can regenerate body parts Reproduction: ASEXUAL (Video)

8. Cnidarians 2 basic body shapes Examples: Jellyfish/Hydra
medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra)
- Reproduction: Asexual

9. Flatworms Can regenerate some are parasites
Examples: Planaria*, Flukes, Flatworms
Reproduction: Sexual or Asexual

10. Roundworms Most are parasites Examples: Pinworms, Hookworms
Reproduction: Sexual

11. Mollusks - Layer of tissue called mantle - Have shells
- Broad Muscular foot
- Layer of tissue called mantle
- Have shells
- Group includes:
gastropods
bivalves & cephalopods
- Gills
- Examples: Complex ganglia,Snails, Slugs, Clams, Oysters, Squids, Octopuses
- Reproduction: SEXUAL

12. Segmented Worms Closed Circulatory System Skin
Examples: Earthworm, Bristle Worm, Leeches
Reproduction: SEXUAL or ASEXUAL

13. use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen Examples: starfish, sea urchin,
Echinoderms
Endoskeleton
covered with spines
use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen
Examples: starfish, sea urchin,
sand dollar
Reproduction: Asexual

14. Arthropod -- Jointed Legs -- Segmented Body parts -- Exoskeleton
-- Head and well-developed brain
- Reproduction: SEXUAL

15. Levels of Organization

16. ATOMS
Smallest part of matter
NON-living

17. Molecules
2 or more bonded atoms
Form compounds
NON-living

18. Macromolecule Very large molecules
Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
NON-living

19. Organelles
“Tiny organs”
Made of macromolecules

20. Cell
Made of organelles
Basic unit of structure & function
LIVING

21. Tissue
The same kind cell working together
Living

22. Organs
Tissues that work together
Living

23. Systems
Organs that work together
Living

24. Organism Entire living things (organisms) Usually made of systems
May be a single cell
Living

25. Population
Same type of organism living together

26. Community
Several populations living together
Population interact

27. Ecosystem
A biotic (living) community plus the abiotic (nonliving) features

28. Biome
Similar ecosystems on earth together

29. Biosphere Whole living layer around the globe
Includes abiotic features

30. Tissue Organ System Organism Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere

31. Review What are Invertebrates? Animals without a backbone
What is difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction requires a mate, Asexual reproduction doesn’t
What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?
Diversity/Offspring less likely to have mutations
What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction?
Population increases are limited/requires mate

32. Review Cont’d What is an advantage of asexual reproduction?
Increases population rapidly/no mate needed
What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
Reproduce offspring identical to parents
No diversity
Which category does a flat worm belong in (Asexual or Sexual)?
both

33. The End.