1. Recent Experiments with the Particle-Into-Liquid Sampler
Rodney Weber, Yilin Ma, Amy Sullivan, K. Maxwell-Meier
Doug Orsini, Chul Song
- Georgia Tech -
Outline
PILS description.
One instrument (PILS-IC), many compounds
Highlights from aircraft studies
Yosemite National Park (Jeff Collett et al.).
Recent results measuring water-soluble OC

2. Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler Schematic A method to continuously collect particles into a flowing liquid
Vac. Pump
Transport Liq. Flow
Sample Air Flow: 10 to 20 L/min
Steam
Generator
Drains
Sample
Water
Continuous liquid flow at selectable rate; 30 nl/min to 2 ml/min.
Concentrated liquid sample.
Fast response time.

3. PILS-IC Measurements from Aircraft
TRACE-P and ACE-ASIA
Feb April 10, 2001
March 30 - May 6, 2001
C 130 viewed from P3

4. TRACE-P and ACE-Asia TRACE-P: Feb. 24 - April 10, 2001
ACE-Asia: March 30 - May 6, 2001

5. Comparisons: Airborne Measurements of Fine Particles - Unique insights from rapid measurements -
time
Consistently lower concentrations on P3-B
C-130: Low Turbulence Inlet
P3-B: Standard Diffuser Inlet
Ma et al., JGR, 2003

6. Major Sources of Inorganic Particles
Compounds can interact when plumes are mixed
KNO3, K2SO4
(NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3
CaCO3,
MgCO3
NaCl

7. TRACE-P: Biomass Burning in Southeast Asia (Thailand)
AVHRR Fire Counts
For 3/7/01
Modeled BC emissions
F10: 3/9/01
From Carmichael, U. Iowa, and Fuelberg, FSU

8. Characteristics of the Biomass Plume: Aircraft Soundings
Urban/
Indust.
Pass A
Pass B
K+ - light absorbing particles, r2 = 0.73
K+ - NO3-, r2 = 0.64
K+ - NH4+, r2 = 0.47
K+ - CO, r2 = 0.61
No correlation with Na+ (0.03) and Ca2+ (0.01)(sea salt and dust)
All TRACE-P &
ACE-Asia Data:
Fine particulate K+ mainly in BB plume, (marker).
Ma et al. JGR 2003

9. Fine Particulate Potassium Spatial Distribution and Relation to PM(fine) “Mass”
TRACE-P
Latitude > 25°N
TRACE-P K+ concentrations K+
dK+/dSO42-
High in biomass, low in fossil fuel plumes
K+ found throughout TRACE-P experiment (and ACE-Asia)
Most polluted plumes had highest fractions of K+/SO42-
Biomass/biofuel burning a significant component of spring time Asian emissions

10. A Large Dust Event During ACE Asia
A Large Dust Event During ACE Asia
SeaWiFS April 7/01

11. Fraction of Carbonate Replaced
Reactions Between Acidic Gases and Fine Mineral Dust
An accommodation coefficient dependence on RH?
CaCO3 + 2HNO3  Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O + CO2
CaCO3 + SO2  CaSO4 + …
Fraction of Carbonate
Replaced
Inferred from Ion balance
(cations-anions)
Maxwell-Meier et al. 2004

12. W. J. Malm – National Park Service
Measurements of a Suite of Compounds Is Useful Even in the US
On the speciation and measurement of aerosol nitrate in regional aerosols
J. L. Collett, T. Lee, X. Yu, and S. M. Kreidenweis Colorado State University
W. J. Malm – National Park Service
Funding:
National Park Service

13. Similar results in Tokyo - Kondo et al.
(PM2.5)
NO3-
Na+
Cl-

14. Studies of PM2.5 Water-Soluble Organic Carbon Broad Classification of Organic Compounds
6-minute measurement
LOD 0.1 µgC/m3
WSOC is operationally defined as the fraction of OC in water at 0.01 to gC/100L that passes through a 0.45 µm filter.

15. St Louis Midwest Supersite Amy Sullivan, Andrea Clements, Jay Turner, Minsuk Bae, and James Schauer
Mean WSOC/OC: June, August, Oct.: 0.64, 0.61, 0.31
At times WSOC may be composed of more aged (oxidized) compounds.
“Fresh” plumes are mainly water-insoluble OC.
Need to chemically sub-divide the WSOC fraction of OC on-line.

16. Summary: Pros of Liquid Systems
Many compounds detected with single instrument (i.e., ion chromatography)
Anions: Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, SO42-, organic acids etc.
Cations: Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, (many situations where more than NH4+ important)
Generally less susceptible to artifacts than integrated filters.
Capable of measuring total (coarse + fine) or fine particles.
“Easy” analysis, straight-forward calibrations, quantitative (ion balance).
High sensitivity, order of ng/m3 (IC measurement)
Amenable to a range of detectors

17. Summary: Cons of Liquid Systems
No (or at least very limited) size resolving capabilities.
Must deal with liquids, more complex less robust instrument.
Must have a clean source of water.
Possible interferences under unique conditions
Houston TEXAQS, PILS-IC: not K+, likely an ethanolamine.
May have there own set of artifacts.