1. Gerunds and Infinitives,
Chapter 15
Gerunds and Infinitives,
Part 2

2. Infinitive Infinitive of Purpose (reason): to to to
to + base form of the verb
simple — no endings to
talk to
sit to
stand
A baby learns to talk at 1 year old.
Infinitive of Purpose (reason):
In order to — shows purpose 1
I study in order to pass.
(purpose or reason)
(in order) is optional or
I study to pass.
I work for money.
(purpose) (noun) 2
noun following for or
I work to get money.
verb following to

3. Adjectives can be followed by Infinitives.
Normally this happens when describing people NOT things.
I was happy to see you at the bar.
(verb) ( adjective) (infinitive)
I was sorry to hear your sad story.
Adjectives with stars (asterisk) on p. 333 are often followed by verbs.
See, learn, discover, find out, hear.

4. Infinitives with “Too” and “Enough”
Too = Usually Negative (in your mind)
You have too much makeup on.
very = positive meaning
Too comes before the adjective
This is too heavy.
adj
Enough comes after the adjective more positive meaning.
I am happy enough to sing.
adj

5. Active Form Passive Form I closed the window.
sub verb obj
In active form the subject does the action.
I did the action of closing the window.
Passive Form
The window was closed by me.
subject verb by phrase
In passive the subject receives the action.
The window is the subject and, it receives the action of being closed.

6. {= Passive Infinitives and Gerunds.
To create passive Infinitive: to be + past participle.
To create passive Gerund: being + past
I want to be invited to your to your birthday.
I enjoyed being invited to your birthday. {=
I hate to be laughed at by other people.
I don’t enjoyed being laughed at by other people.

7. Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives after “NEED”
Most of the time Infinitives ( to + base verb) follow “Need”
I need to study.
We need to go to school.
The room needs to be cleaned.
(b) Rarely gerunds come after “need” when we talk about
situations about improving something.
The room needs cleaning.
My grades need improving.

8. Verbs of Perception ( seeing, hearing, feeling, smelling etc)
2 CHOICES
(1) Use simple form of the verb ( No “to”)
(a) I saw my friend laugh. (simple)
(b) We heard him sing. (simple)
(2) Use gerund (-ing)
(a) I saw my friend laughing. (gerund)
(b) We heard him singing. (gerund)

9. Using the simple form after Let and Help
Let - Always followed by simple verb.
Not Infinitive or Gerunds!
I let my friend eat lunch.
I let you take my car.
(2) Help < 2 choices
(a) Simple form follows HELP
I helped wash the car.
I helped her pass the test.
(b) Infinitive follows “ Help” * less common
I helped to wash the car.
I helped her to pass the class.

10. Causative Verbs - Make, Have, Get - This means that something
causes something else to happen.
Forced / no choice (A) I made my cousin wash the car. (simple verb)
Asked (B) I had my cousin wash the car. (simple verb)
persuaded (C) I got my brother to wash the car. (infinitive verb)
Make - use simple form of verb after “ make” FORCED is the idea.
Have - use simple form of the verb after “ have” (asked) Requested is the idea.
Get - use infinitive ( to + simple verb) after “get” Persuade is the idea.

11. Passive Causatives (passive means the subject receives the action)
Have + Past part I had my car repaired.
s v o
Get + past part I got my car repaired