1. Evolution = change over generations
Change Over Time
Evolution = change over generations

2. 4.1 A
Page 75

3. A. Origin of Life
Abiogenesis: idea that life came from nonliving material, also called spontaneous generation
Early Atmosphere
Consisted of gases like carbon monoxide, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide
NO OXYGEN

4. Oparin
Developed theory that inorganic molecules could become organic molecules due to early conditions of earth- carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen (NO OXYGEN)

5. Miller and Urey:
Created experiment that tested early earth conditions and observed formation of organic molecules (proteins)

6. Biogenesis Life now continues
Life began from abiogenesis and continues through biogenesis

7. Redi and Pasteur
Both scientists used experiments to disprove that BIOGENESIS occurs now. Life now comes from living things (even microscopic), not from the air itself.

8. Redi and Pasteur

9. B. Evolution of Cells – mutations produced new varieties of cells that co-exist.
Heterotroph Hypothesis- the first cells lacked complexity and could NOT make their own food
First Cell: (3.5 bya) were prokaryotic, anaerobic due to lack of oxygen in atmosphere, and heterotrophic = consumed food

10. B. Evolution of Cells
Second cell: prokaryotic, anaerobic, photosynthetic (but produced OXYGEN)
Third Cell: aerobic prokaryotic; atmosphere now filled with oxygen due to photosynthesizing prokaryotic cells

11. B. Evolution of Cells
Endosymbiont Theory- Explains the evolution of eukaryotic cells by smaller cells living together
Aerobic prokaryotes became mitochondria
Photosynthetic prokaryotes became chloroplast
Evidence -> chloroplast and mitochondria are the only organelles with their own DNA!

12. Videos and Animations
Early Earth animation --
Endosymbiont Theory Animation –

13. C. Theory of Evolution pg. 77
Charles Darwin: Naturalist; credited with theory of evolution; sailed on the Beagle in 1831
Natural Selection: organisms from a population are selected to survive because they are best adapted to the current environment – can cause new species (speciation)

16. Natural Selection- a process
1) Variation: members of the population are genetically different, and therefore have different phenotypes
2) Overproduction: more members of the population exist than the carrying capacity can support
3) Competition: favors the best suited phenotype at that particular time.
4) Survival of best adapted: success is measured by the ability to pass on genes in REPRODUCTION

19. Adaptations: inherited trait that helps organism survive in environment and mate
Structural: any physical form or part, such as beak shape for a bird, or mimicry
Mimicry- similarity of one species to another which protects one or both
Example: King Cobra and Coral Snake, Stick Bug

20. Adaptations
Behavioral: any genetically-controlled action; Example- herding, growling
Physiological: any body process; Example-oxygen binding to hemoglobin

21. 4.1 D – pg. 78

22. D. Evidence for Evolution pg.78
1. Fossils:
any evidence of life that once existed on earth (bones, footprints, etc); Shows patterns of evolution over time

23. Fossil Cont. Relative Dating - Order of appearance in sedimentary rock
Radioactive Dating
Use the natural decay of isotopes in organism

24. Evidence for Evolution cont…
2. Biochemical Similarities : comparing DNA, RNA or amino acid sequences in proteins
the more similar more closely related

25. 3. Anatomical Structures- body
Evidence for Evolution cont…
3. Anatomical Structures- body
Homologous: similar structure different function, evidence of common ancestor

26. Anatomical Structures cont…
Analogous: same function, different structure; evidence of common environment Example: bird wing and butterfly wing

27. Anatomical Structures cont…
Vestigial: currently serve no purpose in organism, may be “left over” from previous ancestor.
Ex – wisdom teeth, appendix

28. 4.1 E page 79

29. Mechanisms for Evolution:4.1 E page 79
POPULATIONS evolve; individuals do not.
Population is the smallest unit of evolution
Different versions of acquired traits are present in a population and can be selected thus changing the population

30. Mechanisms for Evolution
2. Changes in Gene Pool:
1. Mutations: changes in the DNA of an organism - Does the change affects the phenotype?

31. Mechanisms for Evolution
2. Environmental changes:
Types of natural selection
Disruptive – conditions are most favorable for BOTH of the two extremes of the phenotype
Stabilizing – conditions are most favorable for the average version of the phenotype
Directional – conditions are most favorable for ONE of the two extremes of the phenotype

32. Stabilizing Selection Before
Disruptive Selection
Before
After
Stabilizing Selection
Before
After
Directional Selection
Before
After

33. Mechanisms for Evolution
3. Speciation - development of a new species
Geographic Isolation – part of population becomes separated by distance, and evolves differently  this leading to a new species

34. Timeframe for Evolution
Timeframes: (Describe how quickly the new species may have formed based on the fossil record)
Gradualism – small changes occur constantly, until a new species is formed

35. Timeframes for Evolution
2. Punctuated Equilibrium – a long period of no change is followed by a period of very rapid change, leading to a new species

36. 4.2 - Disease Agents and Natural Selection
Page 85

37. Disease Agents and Natural Selection Disease can act as a selecting force where the organism with the best adapted phenotype survives.
A) Pathogen: a disease-causing organism
Examples: Virus, Bacteria, Protists (algae & protozoa), and Fungi (yeast)
Pathogens trigger an Immune Response
The immune system produces antibodies (proteins that tag diseases)

38. Two Types of Immunity (antibodies that prevent diseases)
Passive Immunity:
Antibodies are passed from mother to child through the placenta and breast milk
Anti-venom are injected serums that contain antibodies
Active Immunity:
Immune system actively produces antibodies and remembers the foreign invaders
Vaccines – weakened or dead virus is injected and triggers production of antibodies

39. B. AIDS and Natural Selection
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is contracted through HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
LIPID COAT
Virus: Non-living, smaller than bacteria; needs to invade cells in order to survive
Structure: Capsid (outer protein coat) and DNA or RNA
Attacks the T-cells (first antibodies produced)
RNA
INNER CAPSID
OUTER CAPSID

40. AIDS and Natural Selection
10% of European population is immune to HIV
Life-saving random mutation (CCR5-delta 32 mutation)selected for by the devastating black plague epidemics that swept over Europe beginning in the 14th century
People who inherit 2 copies of this same mutation are immune to HIV
Dominant Gene
HIV will recognize
And invade cells
Mutation
HIV will NOT recognize and cannot infect cells

41. Antiviral Interferes Assembly
Antiviral Blocks
Antiviral Interferes Replication

42. AIDS and Natural Selection
Antivirals are used to treat AIDS and other viruses
Function of Antivirals
Block the introduction of viral DNA/RNA into the cell
Interfere with the viral genetic material being spliced into host DNA
Interfere with assembly of the new viruses

43. AIDS and Natural Selection
Viruses mutate at a blinding pace causing the antiviral drugs to be ineffective.
Viruses like HIV will RANDOMLY MUTATE. Sometimes those mutations help the virus evade the drug, reproduce and pass on their genes, making the viral population resistant to the drugs.
This is why HIV patients are on the AIDS “Cocktail”
Typically 3 different antivirals to compensate for the quick mutation

44. Evolution Today Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria:
Bacteria can be killed with drugs called antibiotics that target parts like cell walls. The overuse of antibiotics is a selection force, constantly leaving behind resistant bacteria that reproduce.
MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

45. Evolution Today Pesticide Resistant Insects:
RESISTANCE – describes how well the organism can survive exposure to a chemical. If an insect is resistant to pesticide, the pesticide does NOT kill the insect.

46. Co-evolution/ Antibiotic Resistance

47. 4.3 A- Classification and Speciation
Page 89

48. Classification and Speciation
Given the diversity of life, how do we give
names to organisms?
First Classification System
Devised by Aristotle
Two basic groups: plant and animal.

49. Modern Classification System
Devised by Carl Linnaeus ( )
Created a system called Binomial Nomenclature
Every organism receives two names Genus
and Species
The genus specie name is written in a specific format
Italicize = Homo sapiens
Underline = Homo sapiens
Homo is the genus, sapiens is the species

50. Biological Taxonomy TAXONOMY is the study of classification
DOMAIN is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms
Domain system consists of three domains:
Archae
Bacteria
Eukarya

52. King Philip Came Over For Green Soup
Taxonomy
Seven levels of TAXA
were created
Kingdom Most General (only 6 Kingdoms)
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species Most Specific (~2 million identified)
King Philip Came Over For Green Soup

53. Taxonomy
Specie is the most specific of these seven taxa, thus the specie would contain only one type of organism.
Specie is defined as a group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

54. Summary Look up the classification for humans Kingdom- ? Phylum- ?
Order- ?
Family- ?
Genus- ?
Specie- ?

55. 4.3 B
Page 91

56. Basis for Classification
Linnaeus Classification
Morphology: Shared physical characteristics
Example: Animals – Type of Heart (2 chambers vs 4 chambers) and Blood, live birth vs egg, antennae, wings, etc.
Example: Plants – Number of Stamens (male parts), number of styles (female parts)

57. Modern Classification
Biochemical analysis: gram staining bacteria, or comparing DNA and amino acid sequences
Embryology: common fetal development

58. Modern Classification
Phylogeny: describes the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Example: Homologous/Analogous structures used to determine relationships

59. Modern Classification
Phylogenetic Trees are used to show a visual representation of the evolutionary relationships
Phylogenetic Tree - each node represents the inferred most recent common ancestor, and the edge lengths may be interpreted as time estimates.

60. Type of Phylogenetic Tree
Cladogram – specific type of phylogenetic tree which emphasize the order in which derived characteristics arise from a phylogenetic tree

61. Tools used in Classification
Phylogenetic Tree/Cladogram
Dichotomous Key
Uses paired statements and visible characteristics to “key out” an organism and identify it.

63. Sample Dichotomous Key
1. a. Wings covered by an exoskeleton ……………………………….. go to 2
b. Wings not covered by an exoskeleton …………………………… go to 3
2. a. Body has a round shape ……………………………….……….. Ladybug
b. Body has a elongated shape ………………… Grasshopper
3. a. Wings point out from the side …………………………… Dragonfly
b. Wings point to posterior of the body ……………….………….. House fly

64. Summary

65. Ticket out the Door