1. LEARNING
DEF: a relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

2. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
DEF: a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

3. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
1st described by Ivan Pavlov
Studying role of saliva in digestion
Stumbled onto “psychic reflexes”

4. PAVLOV’S DOGS
Restrained dogs with tubes surgically inserted into the salivary gland
Meat powder was introduced and saliva was collected
Noticed dogs became accustomed to the procedure and would salivate before the meat was introduced
Pavlov then began introducing various stimuli paired with the meat powder
Pavlov showed learning associations were formed by events in an organisms environment

5. PAVLOV’S DOGS

6. TERMINOLOGY
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response w/o previous conditioning (meat powder)
Unconditioned response (UCR): an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs w/o previous conditioning (salivation)
Conditioned stimulus (CS): previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response (tone)
Conditioned response (CR): a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning (salivation w/tone)

7. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
“Psychic reflex” is a conditioned reflex
Conditioned responses are elicited
They are relatively automatic

8. CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSES
Phobias
Everyday fears
Can evoke pleasant feelings
Used by advertisers

9. CONDITIONING AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES
Immunosuppression
Can elicit allergic reactions
Drug tolerance

10. BASIC PROCESSES IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: ACQUISTION
Acquisition: initial stage of learning something
Pavlov: acquisition of conditioned response depends on stimulus contiguity—occur together in time and space
Simultaneous conditioning: CS and UCS begin and end together
Short-delayed conditioning: CS begins just before the UCS and stops at the same time as the UCS
Trace conditioning: CS begins and ends before UCS is presented

11. BASIC PROCESSES: EXTINCTION
DEF: the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Occurs when CS is presented w/o the UCS consistently

12. BASIC PROCESSES: SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
DEF: the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the CS
Usually weaker than usual
Renewal Effect: if a response is extinguished in a different environment than acquired, the response will reappear when returned to original environment

13. STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
DEF: occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

14. STIMULUS GENERALIZATION
Adaptive
Commonplace
“Little Albert” experiment w/ John B. Watson
Rule: the more similar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater the generalization

15. STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION
DEF: occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

16. STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION
Adaptive
Rule: the less similar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater the likelihood of discrimination

17. HIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING
Def: a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditional stimulus
New conditioned responses are built on the foundation of already est. CRs