1. Class 30: History of 19th C
Dr. Ann T. Orlando
5 April 2019

2. Introduction
Napoleon
Political History of 19th C

3. Napoleon ( )
Born in Corsica, attends Ecole Militaire in France
Napoleon rises rapidly in French military; brilliant strategist
Battle of Rivoli against Austrians (1797)
Battle of Pyramids against Muslim army (1798)
In a coup d’etat Napoleon seizes control of France; Napoleon declares himself First Consular (1799)
Battle of Marengo against Austrians (1800)
Napoleon has himself declared Emperor, crowns himself (1804)
Napoleon invades Russia 1812
Because of military defeats, Napoleon toppled form power, sent into exile; Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) assumes throne
Napoleon returns to France, raises another army, defeated at Waterloo, Belgium by British 1815
Napoleon sent into exile at St. Helena’s; dies there in 1821

5. Napoleon: Relations with Church
Social: Napoleonic Code
Supports divorce
Catholics opposed to Revolution who had hoped Napoleon would restore ‘Catholic France’, now think only hope for Catholic France is restoration on Monarchy
Concordat of 1801
Ended schism between clergy who signed Civil Constitution and those who did not
Napoleon named bishops, but Pope ordained them
Clergy paid by state
Reinstated Gallican articles of 1682
In effect, made Catholicism in France a state Church
Napoleon invaded Papal States in 1808
Pius VII excommunicated Napoleon; Napoleon takes him captive
Congress of Vienna, 1815, returns control of Papal States to Pope

6. Effect of Pius VII Stance Against Napoleon
Re-established moral authority of Church, even for non-Catholics
Many people convert to Catholicism
Re-established Jesuits in 1814
Renewed activity in Jesuit Education (e.g., Georgetown, BC, HC, Fordham)
Renewed appreciation for Catholic intellectual life

7. Congress of Vienna (1815)
After Battle of Waterloo, victors (England, Austria, Russia, Prussia) gather to try to restore Europe as it was before Napoleon
Prince Klemens von Metternich
The architect of the Congress of Vienna,
His main goal was to support conservative governments in Europe and to establish a Balance of Power; this was to prevent another power dominating Europe as had France. 
The wartime allies against Napoleon: Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia signed the Quadruple Alliance, pledging them to uphold the peace settlement by entering into any war on behalf of he other.
Reestablished Papal States under control of Papacy

8. France After Napoleon Brief restoration of monarchy Revolution 1848
French Republics
Two powerful competing groups of Catholics in France
Ultramontanes want strong Papacy to help rebuild French unity and culture; return to throne and altar
Liberals want some aspects of pre-revolutionary French philosophes incorporated into Catholicism; individual freedom, democracy

9. Holy Roman Empire
Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman Emperors in Spain and Austria; conquers all of Germany
After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815,
Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous states
Revolution of 1848
Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859
King as figure head

10. Italy
17th and 18th C various Italian States split between Austria (north) and Spain (south), except for Papal States
19th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon political turmoil;
Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States
Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification
King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader 1861
Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes unification

11. Spain Brutally occupied by Napoleon
After Napoleon’s defeat, Spain oscillated between
Liberal republics (anti-Church)
Restoration of absolute monarchies
Conservative assemblies
Spain also divided and in turmoil along geographic lines
Catalonia
Basques

12. England 17th – 19th C George I Hanover George III reigns 1760-1820
American Revolution
Queen Victoria
During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly important relative to monarchy
By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of Government
England becomes dominant world power
“The sun never sets on the British crown”

13. British Empire at End of 19th C

14. New Religious Orders
In 19th C new orders often established meet a local need
Revised Spirituality
Social Welfare
Education
Medical
Some new 19th C orders
Assumptionists
Oblates of Virgin Mary
Marists
Stigmatines
Josephite Fathers
Sisters of Immaculate Heart of mary
Salesians of Don Bosco
Congregation of Holy Cross
Reconstituted Jesuits

15. Assumptionists
Founded in 1843 by Fr. Emmanuel D’Alzon in Nimes, France
Fr D’Alzon was a student of Lamennais, but broke with him
Founded an order for men and women mostly focused on education
Rule based on Augustine’s Rule
Established a newspaper, La Croix, one of the oldest in France and a publishing house
Actively opposed liberal tendencies in France
La Croix published radical ultramontanists and political articles
Also strongly supported Lourdes and organized first pilgrimages to Lourdes
Assumptionist suppressed in France in 1900; returned in 1905
Since then, Assumptionists have had a world-wide apostolate, especially in Asia

16. Oblates of the Virgin Mary
Founded in 1816 in northern Italy by Fr. Bruno Lanteri
Based on Christian Friendship societies developed to help laity and clergy form groups dedicated to helping each other in the spiritual life
Jesuit Spiritual Exercises
Help revive the Church after French Revolution and Napoleon
Ministry
Preach missions
Lead retreats
Oblate communities are world-wide

17. Josephite Fathers
Founded by American bishops after the Civil War in 1871 to evangelize and serve African-Americans
Initial priests from St. Joseph’s Society for Foreign Missions in London
Josephites are found primarily in the Southern US

18. Sisters of Immaculate Heart of Mary
Founded in Spain by Fr. Joachim Masmija in 1848
Purpose was to revitalize Catholic society through the education of young women
Within 20 years of their founding, Sisters of Immaculate Heart went to Los Angeles to found schools for girls
From there they spread through much of the US and Mexico
Three Immaculate Heart sisters were canonized and recognized as martyrs because of their deaths during Spanish Civil War

19. Some 19th C Missionary Orders
Missionary Sisters of Immaculate Conception
White Fathers and Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa
Missionaries of St Charles Borromeo
Congregation of Immaculate Heart of Mary Missionaries
Maryknoll (20th C)

20. Maryknoll
Founded by Fr. James Walsh (Boston) and Fr. Thomas Price (North Carolina) to train young men for foreign missions
Fr. Price died in Hong Kong in 1919
Maryknoll seminary established in Ossining, New York in 1912
First priests sent to China, then Korea
Especially known for schools and orphanages
Maryknoll Sisters (1921) and Maryknoll Lay Missioners
Maryknoll supports missions world-wide

21. Church Missionary Society
British evangelical missionary organization (Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist)
Founded 1799
Major force in spread of Protestant Christianity in Asia and Africa throughout the 19th C
A de facto arm of British colonial efforts

22. 19th C Colonialism Africa and Asia Latin America
Expansion of trade and economic colonialism to control of territory
To protect economic interests, colonial powers assume control of politics
Missionaries have much less restricted reach into local populations
Latin America
Criollos wanted strong ties with industrialized US and Northern Europe
Led to Protestant missions in Latin America starting in early 20th C

23. Political Effect of Napoleon on Latin America
In 1808 Napoleon deposed King Ferdinand VII of Spain
Napoleon replaced Ferdinand with his brother, Joseph
Decreed that Spanish colonies must obey Joseph
Effect disrupted authority of Peninsulares;
Allowed Criollos to establish their own governments
When Ferdinand returned to throne by Congress of Vienna, Criollos refuse to relinquish power
River Platte (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay) 1816
Chile 1818;
Greater Columbia (Columbia, Venezuela, Panama, Equator) 1826
Brazil 1821

24. Complex relationship between Rome and Latin American Churches
Everyone called themselves a Catholic
Many early Latin American constitutions affirm Catholicism as the state religion
Higher social status, more allied with old world; especially true of bishops
After revolutions, especially in Mexico, some propose national Catholic churches
Tensions from two groups with Church hierarchy
Liberals, who wanted to follow economic and political models associated with US
Lower clergy who increasingly saw the Church hierarchy as being out of touch with vast majority of people
Historical backdrop to Liberation Theology

25. Protestant Missions in Latin America
Wars of independence and association of Church with repressive sets conditions for advances of Protestants in Latin America
Pentecostals
Founded by African Americans in 1906 in California
Strong belief in the action of the Holy Spirit on the believer
Soon spread among poor in Caribbean, Mexico and beyond

26. Colonialism in Africa Greatly expanded in late 19th, early 20th C
Berlin Conference ; how to divide Africa between England, France, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Germany
Religious missionaries follow these divisions

27. Colonial Africa www. mcps. k12. md
Colonial Africa

28. Missions in China 19th C Protestant (English) Mission began in 1807
Quickly developed in British-dominated seaports
Later 19th and 20th C major push into inland Chinese missions
Catholic Chinese missions
Generally, Catholics (unlike Protestants) not welcome in China as a result of 17th C Rites Controversy
Subject to sporadic persecutions
French priests from Viet Nam able to make some inroads in southern China
Maryknoll missionaries in 20th C revives Catholic Chinese missions