1. The linear impact model and the articulation of societal demand: Options for synergy and innovation?
Loet Leydesdorff
University of Amsterdam
Amsterdam School of Communication Research

2. Linear Model: Cause → Effect “Chaining model”: feedback loops
Impact
Science
Society
Economy
Linear Model: Cause → Effect
Technology push
Market pull
“Chaining model”: feedback loops

3. Communication-theoretical
Shannon-type communication channel
input
output
feedback
feedforward
communication networks
inputs
behavioural perspective
impacts
Emerging control
Non-linear system:
recursive perspective

4. Impact Opening to demand
Transfer
Disclosure
“hochschulpolitisch”
“innovationspolitisch”
Methodological questions
Theoretical questions
Measurement problem
Policy problem
(e.g., Elsevier’s Scopus,
Science indicators)
(e.g., OECD,
Patent statistics)
Institutional analysis: university-government
Functions / Systems of innovation

5. Articulation of Demand I: Science Shops (since 1977)
Positive:
Access to new domains
Subjects for MA Theses
10% research questions → elaboration needed
Negative:
Costs involved; no “valorization”
Amateurish
Clients are operationally oriented (“How?”); tend not to raise “Why”-questions

6. Can demand have an impact?
Leydesdorff, L. (1986). The Development of Frames of References. Scientometrics 9, ; at p. 114. 7 7

7. The cognitive quality of the question is a crucial factor;
→ “Absorptive capacity”

8. Articulation of Demand II: The Science Bank (1988)

10. Michelina Venditti, Emanuela Reale, & Loet Leydesdorff, The Disclosure of University Research for Societal Demand: A Non-Market Perspective on the “Third Mission” Science & Public Policy 40(6) (2013)

11. INFLUUENT of Elsevier Anders Karlsson
Vice President, Global Academic Relations, Elsevier
13th Triple Helix Conference,
Beijing, August 2016

12. How to control quality?
Two questions institutionally added to the university’s annual report:
Can you provide specific keywords for disclosing your current research to third parties?
Do you have other expertise (from previous research projects) which can be made relevant for third parties?
Legitimation by incorporation into routines
Disclosure (to demand) instead of impact (of supply)

13. Next steps for bridging
Two benches containing variation;
Variation is a condition for innovation
Provide room for self-organization given institutional contexts and incentives;
Formats are different across disciplines and sectors
e.g., the humanities ↔ graphical industries;
“articulation points” at interfaces; “boundary objects” (Tom Gieryn)

14. Scholarly communication Political communication
Obesitas
Violence in Games
Scholarly communication
Environmental frame
Political communication
Systemic frame
Public communication
Individualized frame

16. → Possibility of niche-formation
Demand
Supply
Capability
→ Possibility of niche-formation
Decentralized (fractal); not a single business model

17. The articulation of demand
Demand monopolized by national governments and advanced industries;
Democratization would strengthen the transition from a political to a knowledge-based economy;
Disclosure of research potentials for audiences different from colleagues and students as a first step;
Legitimation of interactions outside academia;
“Triple Helix” synergy; possible measurements.

18. “innovationspolitisch”
Western nations are strong in R&D; supply
Competition in “transfer” and exploitation; this is left to “the market”;
Generate variation!
Develop new selection environments!
Generate commitment: → from policies to practices;
Triple Helix of supply, demand, and capabilities. Recombinations.