1. Volume 114, Issue 2, Pages 215-227 (July 2003)
Directional Sensing Requires Gβγ-Mediated PAK1 and PIXα-Dependent Activation of Cdc42 
Zhong Li, Michael Hannigan, Zhicheng Mo, Bo Liu, Wei Lu, Yue Wu, Alan V. Smrcka, Guanqing Wu, Lin Li, Mingyao Liu, Chi-Kuang Huang, Dianqing Wu 
Cell 
Volume 114, Issue 2, Pages (July 2003)
DOI: /S (03)

2. Figure 1 Gβγ-Mediated Activation of PAK1 Requires PIXα and Cdc42
Cos-7 cells were transfected with cDNAs as indicated in the figures. For each cDNA, 0.2 μg of plasmid were used in each well of a 6-well plate, and the total amount of cDNA was kept at 1 μg/well by using a control LacZ plasmid. Kinase assays were carried out 1 day after transfection. All experiments were repeated at least three times. Western analysis of the PAK1 expression level is shown in the top of (B). Kinase activity in (B) was quantified by a phosphoimager. This experiment was carried out in triplicate.
Cell  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

3. Figure 2 Interaction between Gβγ and PAK1
(A) Gβγ interacts with PAK1, but not PIXα. HEK-293T cells were transfected with cDNA as indicated. Gβ1 was immunoprecipitated with an anti-Gβ antibody. The immunocomplexes were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-HA antibody. In this experiment, both PAK1 and PIXα were tagged with HA-tags. The expression levels of PIXα and PAK1 are shown in the bottom panel.
(B) Schematic representation of PAK1 and its mutants. FL, full length.
(C) C-terminal 25 amino acids of PAK1 are not required for binding to Gβγ. The PAK1 mutant (PAKN) lacking the C-terminal 25 amino acids was coexpressed with Gβ1γ2 in the presence of PIXα and Cdc42. PAK1 and PAKN, both of which are tagged with HA, were immunoprecipitated with an anti-HA antibody. The presence of Gβ1 in the immunocomplexes was analyzed by Western blotting using the anti-Gβ antibody.
(D) Direct interaction between Gβγ and PAK1. Fragments of PAK1, schematically represented in (B), were incubated with [35S] labeled in vitro synthesized Gβ1γ2, and the complexes were pulled down via glutathione-agarose and separated by SDS PAGE. Gβ was visualized by exposure to an X-ray film.
(E) Gβγ can further activate myristylated PAK1. Cells were transfected as indicated in the figure. Relative kinase activity is shown. The expression levels of PAK1 are shown in the bottom panel.
Cell  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

4. Figure 3 Regulation of Cdc42, Rac, and PAK Activity in Myeloid Cells
(A) Gβγ activates Cdc42 only in the presence of PIXα and PAK1. Cos-7 cells were transfected with cDNAs as indicated in the figure. PBD pull down was performed followed by Western analysis with an anti-Cdc42 antibody. The levels of active Cdc42 pulled down by PBD and total Cdc42 expressed in the cells are shown. The relative active Cdc42 levels were quantified by densitometry, normalized against total Cdc42 levels, and are shown at the bottom of the figure.
(B) PAK1 is required for C5a-induced activation of Cdc42 in Raw 274 cells. The levels of active Cdc42 and Rac1/2 in two RAW274 clones that were stably transfected with a plasmid expressing PAK1 siRNA were quantified by densitometry and normalized against the total Cdc42 levels. The effects of siRNA treatments on PAK1 expression are shown in the top panel. The expression levels of Gβ were used as an internal control.
(C) PIXα is required for PAK activation in mouse neutrophils. Neutrophils isolated from the wild-type (Wt) and PIXα null (pix) mice were treated with 100 μM C5a for the indicated durations. Kinase activity was determined after immunoprecipitation using an anti-PAK1 antibody and quantified by a phosphoimager.
(D) PIXα is required for Cdc42, but not Rac, activation in mouse neutrophils. Neutrophils from the wild-type and PIXα null mice were stimulated with 100 μM C5a for 10 s (2 and 4). Relative active Cdc42 and Rac1/2 levels were determined and analyzed as in (B).
(E) PIXα is not required for F-actin formation in mouse neutrophils. Neutrophils were stimulated with 100 μM C5a for indicated durations, permeabilized, stained with FITC-labeled phalloidin, and analyzed by a flowcytometer. AU, arbitrary unit.
Cell  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

5. Figure 4 Chemotaxis Assay in Dunn and Zigmond Chambers
(A–D) RAW274 cells expressing less PAK1 showed a loss of directionality. RAW274 cells were transiently transfected with a control vector (A) or PAK1 siRNA construct (B) that expresses GFP simultaneously. Chemotactic activity of GFP positive cells were traced and recorded in a Dunn chamber. Positions of cells relative to their initial positions after 90 min stimulation by a C5a gradient in one experiment are shown in (A) and (B). In the absence of C5a gradients, cells migrated directionless for no more than three microns (data not shown). Distribution of cells from more than three experiments is summarized in (C), where percentages of cells that ended up within a 120° arc facing the source of C5a (the areas between the two thin lines in [A] and [B]) are shown. The average translocation rates are shown in (D). Bar a, cells transfected with a control vector that does not produce siRNA; Bar b, cells transfected with the PAK1 siRNA vector.
(E–F) HL-60 cells transfected with PAK1 siRNA or PAK1 autoinhibitory domain showed a loss of directionality. HL-60 cells were transiently transfected with the PAK1 siRNA construct that expresses GFP simultaneously and a plasmid encoding PAk1 auto-inhibitory domain-YFP fusion protein. Chemotactic activity of FP positive cells was traced for 60 min and recorded as described above. Bar 1, transfected with a control vector; Bar 2, the mutated PAK1 siRNA vector; Bar 3, the PAK1 siRNA vector; and Bar 4, PAk1 autoinhibitory domain-YFP fusion protein.
(G–J) PIXα null neutrophils showed a loss of directionality. Neutrophils isolated from wild-type and PIXα null mice were examined in a Zigmond chamber containing a C5a gradient. Chemotactic activity was traced for 15 min and analyzed as described above.
Cell  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

6. Figure 5 Role of PIXα in Cell Polarization
(A) Cell polarization in an uniform concentration of C5a. Mouse neutrophils were treated with 10 nM of C5a for 5 min, fixed, and stained with the anti-PTEN antibody (green) and phalloidin (red). Colocalization is in yellow. Wild-type cells as well as those lacking PI3Kγ (pi3k) or PIXα showed asymmetric F-actin distribution. However, in cells lacking PIXα, PTEN colocalized with F actin.
(B) Neutrophils lacking PIXα or PI3Kγ show poor polarization. Neutrophils that were stimulated by a C5a gradient in Zigmond chambers for 15 min were fixed and stained with anti-phospho-Akt antibody, phalloidin, or GST-CBD.
Cell  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

7. Figure 6 Directional Sensing
(A and B) PI3Kγ and PIXα null neutrophils failed to sense direction. Neutrophils were stimulated with C5a administrated from a microinjection pipette placed approximately 30–50 microns from the right side of the cells as depicted in the diagram. Cells were fixed 30 s after the stimulation and stained with phalloidin (A) or GST-CBD (B). Representative cells are shown for each genotype. See Supplemental Figures S4A and S4B for statistical analysis.
(C) Colocalization of active Cdc42 and F-actin and mutual exclusion of active Cdc42 and PTEN in PI3Kγ null neutrophils. PI3Kγ-deficient neutrophils were treated with C5a and stained with GST-CDB (green) and phalloidin (red) or GST-CBD (green) and an anti-PTEN antibody (red). Over eighty percent of examined neutrophils show the staining patterns.
(D) PIXα-deficiency disrupts directionally polarized distribution of P-Akt. Neutrophils were treated with C5a, and distribution of phospho-Akt was detected by an anti-phospho-Akt antibody. See Supplemental Figure S4C for statistical analysis.
Cell  , DOI: ( /S (03) )

8. Figure 7
A Model for Regulation of Cdc42 by Chemoattractant via Gβγ and PIXα
Chemoattractant bound receptors activate heterotrimeric G proteins and release Gβγ proteins, which recruit PAK1 via the direct interaction and PIXα by its association with PAK1 to activate Cdc42. Active Cdc42 activates PAK1. Activated PAK1and/or other Cdc42 effectors regulate PTEN and F-actin localization. This pathway is required for directional sensing, persistent directional movement, and establishment of cell polarity in a shallow chemoattractant gradient. PIP3 produced by PI3Kγ is required for localization of this signaling pathway to the leading edge, while localization of PIP3 is also influenced by this pathway via its regulation of PTEN distribution.
Cell  , DOI: ( /S (03) )