1. Sociology Chapter 8 Review

2. The arrangement or classification of something into different groups.

3. Stratification

4. -a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

5. Capitalism

6. Each of the layers in a stratification system is a(n) ______________________a segment of a population whose members hold similar amounts of scare resources and share values, norms, and an indefinable lifestyle.

7. social class

8. What type of countries generally have three broad classes?
Upper
Middle
Lower

9. Technologically developed

10. Who explained the importance of the economic foundations of social classes.

11. Karl Marx

12. Who emphasized the prestige and power aspects of stratification?

13. Max Weber

14. Karl Marx predicated that capitalistic societies would be reduced to two social classes. Name and define the two classes.

15. 1. Bourgeoisie- those who owned the means of production.
2. Proletariat- those who worked for the wages.

16. According to Karl Marx:
Those who own and control _______________have the power in a society.

17. capital

18. Recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social positions.
(Vocabulary term)

19. Prestige

20. According to the ________________________, stratification assures that the most qualified fill the most important positions, that these qualified people perform their tasks competently, and that they are rewarded for their efforts.

21. functionalists

22. According to the________________ theory of stratification, inequality exists because some people are willing to exploit others.

23. Conflict

24. Marx used the term ______________________________ to refer to working-class acceptance of capitalist ideas and values.

25. False-consciousness

26. Why is attempting to identify the social-class structure of American society hazardous?

27. Social classes are changeable and full of exceptions.

28. The upper class includes only one percent of the population and may be divided into the…

29. upper-upper class and the lower-upper class.

30. Why are People more often in the lower- upper class?

31. Due to achievement and earned income than because of birth and inherited wealth.

32. Often referred to as the __________________- comprises almost one-third of the population.
Working class people include roofers, delivery truck drivers, machine operators, and salespeople.

33. lower-middle class

34. The most common shared characteristics of the working poor and the underclass is…

35. a lack of skill to obtain jobs that pay enough to meet basic needs.

36. ________________________ is the absence of enough money to secure life’s necessities- enough food, a safe place to live, and so forth.

37. Absolute poverty

38. We measure __________________________ by comparing the economic condition of those at the bottom of society with the economic conditions of other members of that society.

39. relative poverty

40. Between 1960 and today, women and children make up a larger proportion of the poor.
Sociologists refer to this trend as the _______________________________.

41. feminization of poverty

42. In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson marshalled the forces of the federal government to begin a…

43. War on Poverty.

44. What was the philosophy of the war on poverty?

45. Philosophy – “Help the poor people help themselves).

46. What is the problem with most people entering the workforce after receiving welfare?

47. hold entry level jobs- in restaurants, cleaning services, and retail stores.

48. Involves changing from one occupation to another at the same social class level.

49. Horizontal mobility

50. With ___________________________, a person’s occupational status or social class moves upward or downward.

51. vertical mobility

52. When a change takes place over a generation, especially a higher level of occupation, it is called…

53. intergenerational mobility

54. In a(n)______________________________, there is no social mobility because social status is inherited and cannot be changed.

55. caste system

56. In a(n) _________________________, an individual’s social class is based on merit and individual effort.

57. open-class system

58. After World War II, an explosion in the availability of high-paying manufacturing jobs made it relatively easy for people to move upward.
However, with ______________________________, improved means of communication, and better transportation, it is possible for U. S. companies seeking to lower their costs to move their manufacturing operations overseas.

59. computer-driven production

60. What do downwardly mobile people experience?

61. lowered self-esteem, despair, depression, feelings of powerlessness, and a loss of sense of honor.