1. D. “Weaknesses” of the A. of C.
(Articles of
Confederation)

2. Warm-up #4: Review Notes…
Explain how the Seven Years’ War was an indirect cause of the American War for Independence.

3. Timeline of the Revolution
1763 – Seven Years’ War ends.
1775 – War for Independence begins.
1776 – D of I signed.
1777 – A of C completed.
– Battles of Saratoga.
1778 – Treaty of Alliance w/ France.

4. Timeline of the Revolution (cont.)
1781 – Battle of Yorktown.
– A of C goes into effect.
1783 – Treaty of Paris signed.
1787 – Philadelphia Convention.
1789 – Constitution goes into effect.

5. What to know about each weakness of the A of C:
Why was it included in the A of C in the first place?
How did it turn out to be a mistake?

6. 1) 1 vote/state in Congress.
Unitary
Confederation.  b)
“Big Three”: VA
50%+
MASS
pop.
PENN 3 / 13
>25%
POWER!

7. 2) 9/13 required in Congress to pass a law.
Parliament =
Simple Majority.
2/3 b)
Congress passed very few laws.

8. 3) No power to tax. IOUs a) Distant central govt. States. b) b)
Congress was broke.
IOUs

9. 4) No standing army/navy.
REDCOATS!
State militias.  b)
Pirates.
Indians.
Shays’ Rebellion.

10. 5) No power to regulate trade.
Mercantilism.
States.  b)
Trade wars.
Separate currencies.

11. 6) No president to enforce laws.
KING! 
State Governors. b)
Not all laws enforced by all governors.

12. 7) No national court system.
Distant courts.
State courts.  b)
Different states =
Different punishments.
No way to resolve conflicts between states.

13. 8) 13/13 to make an Amendment. a) All 13 agreed to A of C willingly.b)
Amendments.

14. ANARCHY!

15. Warm-up #5: Review Notes…
Weaknesses of A of C
Why included?
Why a Mistake?
1 Vote/State
9/13 to pass a law
2/3 instead of majority
No power to tax the states
No standing army
Experience with Redcoats
Shays Rebellion/Indian attacks along the frontier
No power to regulate trade
No executive branch
Nothing resembling a King
Gov. can pick and choose laws to enforce
No judicial branch
Idea of a distant gov’t.
13 different interpretaions of a law/state conflicts
13/13 to Amend
Nature of a Confederacy

16. E. The Philadelphia Convention
1780s = “Critical Decade”
A of C allowed 13 states to act like 13 independent countries.
Anarchy among the states was the result:
– Trade wars.
– Boundary disputes.
– Armed Rebellion.

17. E. The Philadelphia Convention (cont.)
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton

18. E. The Philadelphia Convention (cont.)
Sept – Annapolis Convention.
Called to discuss trade disputes.
Only 5 states showed up.
Unanimous statement calling for a convention in Philadelphia (revise).
Shay’s Rebellion!

19. E. The Philadelphia Convention (cont.)
France
England
Thomas Jefferson
John Adams

20. E. The Philadelphia Convention (cont.)
George Washington
Ben Franklin

21. E. The Philadelphia Convention (cont.)
May – Sept, 1787.
55 delegates.
12 states.
no Rhode Island.
REVISE the A of C.

22. E. The Philadelphia Convention (cont.)
3 key decisions:
1) GW = President.
2) Secrecy Oath.
3) ABOLISH the A of C.
1 vote/state.
simple majority vote
of states present. 9 6

23. Warm-up #6: Review Notes…
What was the original stated purpose of the convention held in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787? In what manner did the delegates ignore the law and go beyond this purpose?

24. F. The Virginia Plan
James Madison
Author of the Virginia Plan.
“Father of the Constitution.”

25. BRITISH! PARLIAMENTARY UNITARY BICAMERAL F. The Virginia Plan
President
Supreme
Court
New Powers for
Congress:
PARLIAMENTARY
BRITISH!
7 years
Life
Terms
1) Tax
1-term
limit
2) Regulate Trade
Congress
UNITARY
3) Army & Navy
4) Nullify state laws
Senate
5) Invade the states
House of
Reps
New Rules:
BICAMERAL
1) Simple Majority
6 years
People
2 years
2) Proportional
Representation

26. The great issue of the Convention:
G. The Great Compromise
The great issue of the Convention:
How will the states be represented in the new Congress?
VA Plan = bicameral with Proportional Representation.
Madison
(Big states)
NJ Plan = unicameral with 1 vote/state.
William Paterson
(Small states)

27. G. The Great Compromise (cont.)
Small States:
Large States: Virginia Massachusetts Pennsylvania N. Carolina S. Carolina Georgia
Delaware
New Jersey
Connecticut
Maryland
New York
Rhode Island 6 5
New Hampshire

28. G. The Great Compromise (cont.)
Roger Sherman
Delegate from Connecticut.
Creator of Great Compromise.

29. G. The Great Compromise (cont.)
Congress
House of
Reps
Senate
Based on population
2 votes/state
1 vote/state

30. G. The Great Compromise (cont.)
James Madison:
The Senate is a non-democratic body and “confessedly unjust.”
H of R
Senate CA 53 2
Yes WY 1 2 No

31. Warm-up #7: Review Notes…
What was the issue that nearly broke up the convention? What did each side want? How was the issue resolved?

32. H. Other Compromises President Congress Madison’s Virginia Plan
Supreme
Court
New Powers:
7 years
Life
Terms
1) Tax
1-term
limit
2) Regulate Trade
Congress
3) Army & Navy
4) Nullify state laws
Senate
5) Invade the states
House of
Reps
New Rules:
1) Simple Majority
6 years
People
2 years
2) Proportional
Representation
2 per state
Great Compromise
Population

33. H. Other Compromises (cont.)
President’s Term Compromise.
How long can the president serve?
VA Plan: 7-year term, 1-term limit.
Too long?
Too short?
Solution:
4-year term;
no limit.

34. H. Other Compromises (cont.)
2) Electoral College Compromise.
Who should choose the President?
1) Congress
Jan:
HPres.
SV.P.
2) People
Nov: Vote
(non-binding)
3) State Leg.
Dec: Choose electors.
Same # as seats in Congress (H+S).
No majority?
Simple Majority wins!

35. H. Other Compromises (cont.)
Commerce & Slave Trade Comp.
What limits should be put on the power to regulate trade?
Southern fears:
1) Export taxes.
No.
2) Import taxes.
Yes.
3) End of Slave trade?
1808

36. H. Other Compromises (cont.)
Look it up!
I. Appeasing the States
Download from my webpage and add to your notes!

37. I. Appeasing the States President Congress Madison’s Virginia Plan
Supreme
Court
New Powers:
1) Tax
Electors
2) Regulate Trade
Congress
3) Army & Navy
State
Leg.
4) Nullify state laws
Federalism
Senate
5) Invade the states
House of
Reps
People
State
Leg.

38. Warm-Up #8: Review Notes…
Read pages 72 and 73 on the formal amendment process. Describe the four (4) methods by which the Constitution may be amended. Which of these methods has been used most often? Which have never been used? Explain.