1. Chapter 11
Gases
2006, Prentice Hall

2. CHAPTER OUTLINE Properties of Gases Pressure & Its Measurement
The Gas Laws
Vapor Pressure & Boiling Point
Combined Gas Law
Avogadro’s Law
STP & Molar Volume
Ideal Gas Law
Partial Pressures

3. PROPERTIES OF GASES
Gases occupy much greater space than the same amount of liquid or solid.
This is because the gas particles are spaced apart from one another and are therefore compressible.
Solid or liquid particles are spaced much closer and cannot be compressed.
Gases are the least dense and most mobile of the three phases of matter.
Particles of matter in the gas phase are spaced far apart from one another and move rapidly and collide with each other often.

4. PROPERTIES OF GASES Gases are characterized by four properties.
These are:
1. Pressure
(P)
2. Volume
(V)
3. Temperature
(T)
4. Amount
(n)

5. KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY
The KMT consists of several postulates:
Scientists use the kinetic-molecular theory (KMT) to describe the behavior of gases.
1. Gases consist of small particles (atoms or molecules) that move randomly with rapid velocities.
2. Gas particles have little attraction for one another. Therefore attractive forces between gas molecules can be ignored.
3. The distance between the particles is large compared to their size. Therefore the volume occupied by gas molecules is small compared to the volume of the gas.

6. KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY
4. Gas particles move in straight lines and collide with each other and the container frequently. The force of collision of the gas particles with the walls of the container causes pressure.
5. The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temperature (Kelvin).
Animation

7. Kinetic Molecular Theory
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter

8. PRESSURE & ITS MEASUREMENT
Pressure is the result of collision of gas particles with the sides of the container. Pressure is defined as the force per unit area.
Pressure is measured in units of atmosphere (atm) or mmHg or torr. The SI unit of pressure is pascal (Pa) or kilopascal (kPa).
1 atm
= 760 mmHg
= kPa
1 mmHg
= 1 torr

9. Common Units of Pressure
Average Air Pressure at Sea Level
pascal (Pa)
101,325
kilopascal (kPa)
atmosphere (atm)
1 (exactly)
millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
760 (exactly)
inches of mercury (inHg)
29.92
torr (torr)
pounds per square inch (psi, lbs./in2)
14.7
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter

10. PRESSURE & ITS MEASUREMENT
Atmospheric pressure can be measured with the use of a barometer.
Mercury is used in a barometer due to its high density.
At sea level, the mercury stands at 760 mm above its base.

11. Atmospheric Pressure & Altitude
the higher up in the atmosphere you go, the lower the atmospheric pressure is around you
at the surface the atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi, but at 10,000 ft is is only 10.0 psi
rapid changes in atmospheric pressure may cause your ears to “pop” due to an imbalance in pressure on either side of your ear drum
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter

12. Pressure Imbalance in Ear
If there is a difference
in pressure across
the eardrum membrane,
the membrane will be
pushed out – what we
commonly call a
“popped eardrum.”
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter

13. Example 1: 1 mmHg = 1 torr 740. mmHg = 740. torr 760 1 740. mmHg
The atmospheric pressure at Walnut, CA is 740. mmHg. Calculate this pressure in torr and atm.
1 mmHg
= 1 torr
740. mmHg
= 740. torr
760 1
740. mmHg
= atm

14. Example 2: 1 760 1.12 atm = 851 mmHg 1 mmHg = 1 torr 851 mmHg
The barometer at a location reads 1.12 atm. Calculate the pressure in mmHg and torr. 1
760
1.12 atm
= 851 mmHg
1 mmHg
= 1 torr
851 mmHg
= 851 torr

15. PRESSURE & MOLES OF A GAS
The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the number of particles (moles) present.
The greater the moles of the gas, the greater the pressure

16. BOYLE’S LAW
At constant temperature, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.
The relationship of pressure and volume in gases is called Boyle’s Law.
As pressure increases, the volume of the gas decreases
Pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional

17. P and V under initial condition P and V under final condition
BOYLE’S LAW
Boyle’s Law can be mathematically expressed as
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
P and V under initial condition
P and V under final condition

18. Example 1: Pressure decreases Volume increases P1= 4500 mmHg
A sample of gas has a volume of 12-L and a pressure of 4500 mmHg. What is the volume of the gas when the pressure is reduced to 750 mmHg?
Pressure decreases
Volume increases
P1= 4500 mmHg
P2= 750 mmHg
V1 = 12 L
V2 = ???
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
V2 = 72 L

19. Pressures must be in the same unit
Example 2:
A sample of hydrogen gas occupies 4.0 L at 650 mmHg. What volume would it occupy at 2.0 atm?
Pressure increases
Volume decreases
P2 = 2.0 atm
= 1520 mmHg
P1= 650 mmHg
P2= 2.0 atm
V1 = 4.0 L
V2 = ???
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
Pressures must be in the same unit
V2 = 1.7 L

20. CHARLES’S LAW
At constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
The relationship of temperature and volume in gases is called Charles’ Law.
Temperature and volume of a gas are directly proportional
As temperature increases, the volume of the gas increases

21. V and T under initial condition V and T under final condition
CHARLES’S LAW
Charles’ Law can be mathematically expressed as
T must be in units of K
V and T under initial condition
V and T under final condition

22. Temperature decreases
Example 1:
A 2.0-L sample of a gas is cooled from 298K to 278 K, at constant pressure. What is the new volume of the gas?
Temperature decreases
Volume decreases
V1 = 2.0 L
V2 = ???
T1 = 298 K
T2 = 278 K
V2 = 1.9 L

23. Temperatures must be in K Temperature decreases
Example 2:
If 20.0 L of oxygen is cooled from 100ºC to 0ºC, what is the new volume?
Temperatures must be in K
Volume decreases
Temperature decreases
T1= 100ºC + 273
= 373 K
V1 = 20.0 L
V2 = ???
T1 = 100ºC
T2 = 0ºC
T2= 0ºC + 273
= 273 K
V2 = 14.6 L

24. GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
The relationship of temperature and pressure in gases is called Gay-Lussac’s Law.
At constant volume, the pressure of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
Temperature and pressure of a gas are directly proportional
As temperature increases, the pressure of the gas increases

25. P and T under final condition P and T under initial condition
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
Gay-Lussac’s Law can be mathematically expressed as
T must be in units of K
P and T under final condition
P and T under initial condition

26. Temperatures must be in K
Example 1:
An aerosol spray can has a pressure of 4.0 atm at 25C. What pressure will the can have if it is placed in a fire and reaches temperature of 400C ?
Temperatures must be in K
P1 = 4.0 atm
P2 = ???
T1 = 25ºC
T2 = 400ºC
T1= 25ºC + 273
= 298 K
T2= 400ºC + 273
= 673 K

27. Temperature increases
Example 1:
An aerosol spray can has a pressure of 4.0 atm at 25C. What pressure will the can have if it is placed in a fire and reaches temperature of 400C ?
Temperature increases
Pressure increases
P1 = 4.0 atm
P2 = ???
T1 = 298 K
T2 = 673 K
P2 = 9.0 atm

28. Temperature decreases
Example 2:
A cylinder of gas with a volume of 15.0-L and a pressure of 965 mmHg is stored at a temperature of 55C. To what temperature must the cylinder be cooled to reach a pressure of 850 mmHg?
Pressure decreases
Temperature decreases
P1 = 965 mmHg
P2 = 850 mmHg
T1 = 55ºC
T2 = ???
T1= 55ºC + 273
= 328 K
T2 = 289 K
T2 = 16ºC

29. VAPOR PRESSURE & BOILING POINT
In an open container, liquid molecules at the surface that possess sufficient energy, can break away from the surface and become gas particles or vapor.
In a closed container, these gas particles can accumulate and create pressure called vapor pressure.
Vapor pressure is defined as the pressure above a liquid at a given temperature. Vapor pressure varies with each liquid and increases with temperature.

30. VAPOR PRESSURE & BOILING POINT
Listed below is the vapor pressure of water at various temperatures.

31. VAPOR PRESSURE & BOILING POINT
A liquid reaches its boiling point when its vapor pressure becomes equal to the external pressure (atmospheric pressure).
For example, at sea level, water reaches its boiling point at 100C since its vapor pressure is 760 mmHg at this temperature.

32. VAPOR PRESSURE & BOILING POINT
At higher altitudes, where atmospheric pressure is lower, water reaches boiling point at temperatures lower than 100C.
For example, in Denver, where atmospheric pressure is 630 mmHg, water boils at 95C, since its vapor pressure is 630 mmHg at this temperature.

33. COMBINED GAS LAW
This law is useful for studying the effect of changes in two variables.
All pressure-volume-temperature relationships can be combined into a single relationship called the combined gas law.
Initial condition
Final condition

34. COMBINED GAS LAW
The individual gas laws studied previously are embodied in the combined gas law.
Charles’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Boyle’s Law

35. Both pressure and temp. change Must use combined gas law
Example 1:
A 25.0-mL sample of gas has a pressure of 4.00 atm at a temperature of 10C. What is the volume of the gas at a pressure of 1.00 atm and a temperature of 18C?
Both pressure and temp. change
P1= 4.00 atm V1= 25.0 mL T1= 283 K P2= 1.00 atm V2= ??? T2 = 291 K
Must use combined gas law
V2 = 103 mL

36. AVOGADRO’S LAW
At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to the number of moles.
The relationship of moles and volume in gases is called Avogadro’s Law.
As number of moles increases, the volume of the gas increases
Number of moles and volume of a gas are directly proportional

37. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter
Avogadro’s Law
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter

38. AVOGADRO’S LAW
As a result of Avogadro’s Law, equal volumes of different gases at the same temp. and pressure contain equal number of moles (molecules).
2 Tanks of gas of equal volume at the same T & P contain the same number of molecules

39. This relationship is only valid for gaseous substances
AVOGADRO’S LAW
Avogadro’s Law also allows chemists to relate volumes and moles of a gas in a chemical reaction.
This relationship is only valid for gaseous substances
For example:
2 H2 (g) O2 (g)  2 H2O (g)
2 molecules
1 molecule
2 molecules
2 moles
1 mole
2 moles
2 Liters
1 Liter
2 Liters

40. Example 1: mol of He = 4.50 mol mol of O2 = mol of He = 4.50 mol
A sample of helium gas with a mass of 18.0 g occupies 1.6 Liters at a particular temperature and pressure. What mass of oxygen would occupy1.6 L at the same temperature and pressure?
Same Temp. & Pressure
mol of He
= 4.50 mol
mol of O2
= mol of He
= 4.50 mol
mass of O2
= 144 g

41. Example 2: N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g) 3 2 1.8 L H2 = 1.2 L NH3
How many Liters of NH3 can be produced from reaction of 1.8 L of H2 with excess N2, as shown below?
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g) 3 2
1.8 L H2
= 1.2 L NH3

42. STP & MOLAR VOLUME
To better understand the factors that affect gas behavior, a set of standard conditions have been chosen for use, and are referred to as Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP).
STP =
0ºC (273 K)
1 atm (760 mmHg)

43. STP & MOLAR VOLUME
At STP conditions, one mole of any gas is observed to occupy a volume of 22.4 L.
Molar Volume at STP
V = 22.4 L

44. Example 1: 22.4 1 mol of gas = = 0.0893 mol Molar mass = = 36.2 g/mol
If 2.00 L of a gas at STP has a mass of 3.23 g, what is the molar mass of the gas?
22.4 1
mol of gas =
= mol
Molar volume at STP
Molar mass =
= 36.2 g/mol

45. Example 2:
A sample of gas has a volume of 2.50 L at 730 mmHg and 20C. What is the volume of this gas at STP?
P1= 730 mmHg V1= 2.50 L T1= 293 K P2= 760 mmHg V2= ??? T2 = 273 K
V2 = 2.24 L

46. Universal gas constant
IDEAL GAS LAW
Combining all the laws that describe the behavior of gases, one can obtain a useful relationship that relates the volume of a gas to the temperature, pressure and number of moles.
Universal gas constant
R = L atm/mol K

47. IDEAL GAS LAW
This relationship is called the Ideal Gas Law, and commonly written as:
P V = n R T
Temp. in K
Pressure in atm
Number of moles
Volume in Liters

48. Example 1:
A sample of H2 gas has a volume of 8.56 L at a temp. of 0C and pressure of 1.5 atm. Calculate the moles of gas present.
PV = nRT
P = 1.5 atm V = 8.56 L T = 273 K n = ??? R =
= 0.57 mol

49. Moles must be calculated from mass Pressure must be converted to atm
Example 2:
What volume does 40.0 g of N2 gas occupy at 10C and 750 mmHg?
Moles must be calculated from mass
mol of N2 =
= 1.43 mol
P =750 mmHg V = ??? T = 283 K n = not given m = 40.0 g R =
Pressure must be converted to atm
P = 750 mmHg
P = atm

50. Example 2: P =0.987 atm V = ??? T = 283 K n = 1.43 R = 0.0821
What volume does 40.0 g of N2 gas occupy at 10C and 750 mmHg?
P =0.987 atm V = ??? T = 283 K n = R =
V = 33.7 L

51. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter
Ideal vs. Real Gases
Real gases often do not behave like ideal gases at high pressure or low temperature
Ideal gas laws assume
no attractions between gas molecules
gas molecules do not take up space
based on the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
at low temperatures and high pressures these assumptions are not valid
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter

52. Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter
Ideal vs. Real Gases
Tro's Introductory Chemistry, Chapter

53. PARTIAL PRESSURES
Many gas samples are mixture of gases. For example, the air we breathe is a mixture of mostly oxygen and nitrogen gases.
Since gas particles have no attractions towards one another, each gas in a mixture behaves as if it is present by itself, and is not affected by the other gases present in the mixture.
In a mixture, each gas exerts a pressure as if it was the only gas present in the container. This pressure is called partial pressure of the gas.

54. DALTON’S LAW Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ···
In a mixture, the sum of all the partial pressures of gases in the mixture is equal to the total pressure of the gas mixture.
This is called Dalton’s law of partial pressures.
Ptotal
= P1 + P2 + P3 + ···
Total pressure of a gas mixture
Sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture =

55. PARTIAL PRESSURES +
PHe = 2.0 atm
PAr = 4.0 atm
PTotal = ???
PHe + PAr
= 6.0 atm
Total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of partial pressures of each gas in the mixture

56. PARTIAL PRESSURES
The partial pressure of each gas in a mixture is proportional to the amount (mol) of gas present in the mixture.
For example, in a mixture of gases consisting of 1 mole of nitrogen and 1 mol of hydrogen gas, the partial pressure of each gas is one-half of the total pressure in the container.

57. Twice as many moles of Ar compared to He
PARTIAL PRESSURES
Twice as many moles of Ar compared to He +
PAr = 2 PHe
PHe = 2.0 atm
PAr = 4.0 atm
PTotal = 6.0 atm
The partial pressure of each gas is proportional to the amount (mol) of the gas present in the mixture

58. Example 1: Ptotal = Poxygen + Phelium
A scuba tank contains a mixture of oxygen and helium gases with total pressure of 7.00 atm. If the partial pressure of oxygen in the tank is 1140 mmHg, what is the partial pressure of helium in the tank?
Ptotal
= Poxygen + Phelium
1 atm
760 mmHg
Poxygen
= 1140 mmHg x
= 1.50 atm
Phelium
= 7.00 atm – 1.50 atm
= PTotal - Poxygen
= 5.50 atm

59. Twice as many moles of N2 compared to O2
Example 2:
A mixture of gases contains 2.0 mol of O2 gas and 4.0 mol of N2 gas with total pressure of 3.0 atm. What is the partial pressure of each gas in the mixture?
Twice as many moles of N2 compared to O2
Ptotal
= Poxygen + Pnitrogen
Pnitrogen
= 2 Poxygen
Pnitrogen =
2/3 (Ptotal )
= 2.0 atm
Poxygen =
1/3 (Ptotal )
= 1.0 atm

60. THE END