1. Chapter 3: Multicellular Diversity
Sections

2. Introduction No Two Alike – Activity (p. 89)
Using a 6-sided die complete the activity
Answer the questions at the bottom of the page

3. 3.1 – Algae & Terrestrial Plants
Algae – can be a unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic, aquatic Protist
Multicellular Algae = seaweed and can be classified by their colour (brown/red/green)
Unicellular Algae = plant like Protist which we learned from section 2.4 (euglenophytes, chrysophytes, diatoms, dinoflagellates)

4. The Multicellular Algae
Algae is a major part of marine life
They are plantlike autotrophic protists that facilitate life for many marine organisms as well as for humans
There are about 13, 000 species out there, and they come in a variety of lengths and colors, ranging from Red, Brown, and Green
All forms of Algae have several structures which equip them for survival 

5. Brown Algae Are the largest and most complex protists
Has brown and yellow appearance as it contains large amounts of Chlorophyll “a” and “c”
Don’t have true leaves/roots, but special tissues called holdfast that help it to anchor onto rocks /shells
Have a stem-like structure called a stipe, where leaf-like blades collect light E & undergo photosynthesis

6. Red Algae Were one of the 1st multicellular organisms on earth
Different from other algae because they don’t have flagella’s
They contain many pigments, including chlorophyll “a” but also phycoerythrin - which gives it its red colour by reflecting red light and absorbing blue light
Being this colour, they thrive in the depths of the ocean

7. Green Algae
Are aquatic organisms, found in fresh water and sometimes salt water
Are structurally diverse – some are unicellular with flagella or found in ball-shaped colonies that roll through the water
Are the MOST Plant-like of the algae
Have same types of chlorophyll and colour of plants
Have cellulose in their plant walls for photosynthesis

8. How might climate change affect Giant Kelp?
Activity 3.1
How might climate change affect Giant Kelp?
Read p. 92
Complete the discussion questions (#1-3) in response to the data provided

9. The Shift to Land
The hypothesis that green algae are the closest evolutionary relatives to plants is based on several factors, such as …
Both have chlorophyll a and b in their cells
Cellulose cell walls
Both store food energy as starch
Similar DNA sequences

10. Adaptations to Life on Land
Read pgs. 93 – 94
Summarize the adaptations taken for plants to live on land
Highlight concepts of:
Plant embryos
Vascular Tissue, leaves, and Roots
Alternation of Generation

11. 3.2 – The Plant Kingdom Introduction

12. Non-Vascular Plants: Bryophytes
These plants include 3 phyla of plants:
Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts
These plants DO NOT have vascular tissue and depend on diffusion & osmosis to transport nutrients into their cells
Usually grow in areas of low, tangles, vegetation – that holds water in like a sponge
They have NO ROOTS, but rhizoids that are similar and grow in such a way because they are close to the ground

13. Non-vascular Plants: Bryophytes
Photograph
Description
Importance
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts

14. Bryophyte Life Cycle

15. Seedless Vascular Plants
Are different from non-vascular plants in that:
They have different tissue that lets them grow tall
Their sporophyte generation is the dominant stage of their life cycle
Their gametophytes were reduced to tiny structures that still depended on water for sexual reproduction
These plants include – Whisk ferns, Club moss, Horsetails, and Ferns.

16. Life Cycle of a Fern (vascular plant)

17. Seed-Producing Vascular Plants: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
There are 2 types of plants that grow in large areas because of how their seeds are distributed
They include: gymnosperms and angiosperms
These seeds allow plants to reproduce sexually based on their anatomy, with the help of wind, and animals (like bees)

18. Gymnosperms Are a vascular plant with non-enclosed seeds
This means that their seeds are exposed on the surface of cone scales
These seeds produce no fruit or flowers but cones, that are found on cone-baring trees like pines, firs, spruces, cedars, redwood, etc.
Often found in cool boreal ecosystems (Canada) that dominate woody vegetation

19. Gymnosperms: Reproduction
A cone = a gymnosperm structure that contains male or female reproductive parts
Male Cones
Female Cones
Soft structure
Short lived
Hard structure
Live longer
Made of scales, where eggs develop
Sexual reproduction of cones involves the transport of sperm from the male cone into the unfertilized egg of the female cone using Pollen grains that become transported by the wind

20. Gymnosperms: Reproduction

21. Angiosperms Are vascular plants
And commonly known as Flowering plants, as they reproduce using flowers and their seeds are contained in a fruit
90% of all plants are angiosperms = HUGE DIVERSITY and VARIETY

22. Angiosperms
The flower if an angiosperm structure that is specialized for sexual reproduction
Few angiosperms have separate male / female plants
Often they have BOTH Male and Female parts within one plant

23. Angiosperm: Reproduction

24. Angiosperms: Classification
Often divided into 2 groups based on the structure of a seed leaf (aka cotyledon)
A cotyledon is a structure in the embryo that helps to nourish the plant as it first starts to grow
Angiosperms with 1 cotyledon = monocots
Angiosperms with 2 cotyledon = dicots

25. Angiosperms: Classification
Monocots
Dicots
1 cotyledon
Tend to have flowers and fruits divided into three’s or multiples of three’s
Veins in their leaves are usually parallel
2 cotyledon
Tend to have flowers and fruits divided into Four and Five or multiples of fours and fives
Veins in their leaves are usually net-like

26. Angiosperms: Classification

27. The Fungus Kingdom Section 3.3 Introduction

28. Fungi
Fungi (fungus – singular) are a stationary heterotrophic eukaryotic organism whose cell walls contain chitin
They get nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings and then absorb the digestive nutrients into their cells

29. Structure of Fungi A few types of fungi like yeast are unicellular
But most fungi are multicellular and very different structurally from one another – yet their bodies are generally the same

30. Structure of Fungi
The basic structural units that are in the body of a multicellular are called Hyphae
In a mushroom, the hyphae are densely packed together
The bulk of the organism is in the form of a branching network called a mycelium
Mycelia live in soil and decomposing matter
The parts of the fungus that are above the ground are called the fruiting body

31. Types of Fungal Nutrition
Using pg. 106 – complete the chart below
Types of Fungal Nutrition
Description
Parasitic
Predatory
Mutualistic
Saprobial

32. Fungal Reproduction Many fungal reproduce sexually & asexually
Asexual – can occur from spore production
– use budding for reproduction: where a
smaller cell develops while attached to
a parent cell
Taxonomists classify fungi based on whether they reproduce sexually or asexually

33. Fungal Classifications
* Using pgs. 107 – 109 complete the table with key points of each fungi
Fungi Imperfecti
Chytrids
Zygospore Fungi
Sac Fungi
Club Fungi

34. http://c2. griffithps. schoolwires