1. MACRO & CLOSE-UP PHOTOGRAPHY

2. Macro & Close Up: Definitions
Traditional Definitions
Micro-Photography
Taking something life-size and making it smaller such as with Microfilm
Macro-Photography
Taking something normal sized and making it larger than life such as with a bill board.
Photomicrography
Photos taken with a microscope or other equipment that rendered tiny subjects larger than life
Photomacrography
Photos that rendered small items life size

3. Macro & Close Up: Definitions
Modern Definitions
Close-up Photography
Almost any shot where the subject or an area of a subject is taken from a closer than normal point of view, i.e. a detail.
Macro-Photography
Photographing something at a magnification that renders it life size (1X or 1:1) up to about 5X (or 10X in some texts) on 35mm film.
Can be done with specialized but common camera equipment.
Photomicrography
Photographing something at a magnification that renders them larger than life from 5X to 10X and larger.
Usually requires a microscope.

4. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Camera Equipment for Macro
A true “Macro” Lens
A Diopter or “Close Up” lens (sometimes called Close Up filters)
A Lens Reversing Ring
A set of Extension Tubes
A Macro Bellows
A Tele-Converter/Tele-Extender
A Digital View Camera
Let’s take a look at the pros and cons of each

5. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Macro Lenses
First… A WARNING…
The term “Macro” is used very loosely these days.
It properly means a lens capable of 1:1 (lifesize) on 35mm film but some manufacturers have come to apply it to lenses that can only do about 1:4 (1/4 lifesize).
Some lenses cannot even do 1:4 but are sold as “Close Up” lenses or even using the Flower Icon to imply macro without saying it.

6. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Macro Lenses
First… A WARNING…
Here is a lens marked “Macro” on the focusing ring but it is not.

7. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Macro Lenses
First… A WARNING…
And here is a lens marked with the flower icon but though it focuses closer than normal it is not a macro lens and can barely do 1:4.

8. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Macro Lenses: Focal Lengths
Macro Lenses usually come in slightly-longer than-normal to medium telephoto in length
Including…
60mm
90mm
105mm
180mm
Why get one or the other?

9. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Macro Lenses: Focal Lengths
The longer the focal length, the greater your working distance (lens to subject)
Advantages of greater working distances…
Skittish subjects
Dangerous subjects
Lighting and shadows from camera

10. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Macro Lenses: Optical Issues
Macro lenses generally have superior optics compared to non-macro lenses.
…HOWEVER…
Macro lenses are optimized (meaning they are at their sharpest) when focusing very close).
Good Quality Macro Lenses are not cheap!

11. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Macro Lenses: Conclusions
True Macro Lenses are the easiest solutions for 1:1 rendering.
For greater magnifications you generally need additional equipment (though Canon has a 5:1 macro available).
Macro Lenses are the most expensive.
Macro lenses can be used for general photography but are far better at close-up work.

12. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Diopters & Close-up Lenses
A Diopter or “Close Up” lens (sometimes called “Close Up Filters”).
Single or multiple element lenses designed to magnify
They shorten the focusing distance of the lens.
They screw in like filters and have a set mm thread size
Unless optically matched and coated will degrade an image

13. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Lens Reversing Ring
A Lens Reversing Ring is designed to mount a camera lens backwards on a camera.
It reverses the normal optical action of taking something big and making it small.
It allows for closer focusing
It screws onto the lens using the filter threads
It does not add another optical element but it also presents the lens to the camera with the objective coatings hidden from the incoming light.

14. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Lens Reversing Ring
A Lens Reversing Ring on a camera

15. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Extension Tubes/Rings
A set of Extension Tubes usually consists of three rings of differing lengths.
They are designed to set the lens further away from the focal plane resulting in the ability to focus closer.
Longer focal length lenses need longer rings for maximum magnification.
They have no optical impact on image quality
They force the light to travel further and therefore require increased exposure.

16. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Extension Tubes/Rings
A set of Extension Tubes

17. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Macro Bellows
A Macro Bellows is like an infinitely adjustable set of Extension Tubes.
It can be used in conjunction with other elements (diopters, tubes, reversing rings, etc.)
Like tubes it requires exposure compensation (what view camera users call “Bellows Draw.”
For ease of focusing it works best with a focusing rail.

18. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Macro Bellows
A Macro Bellows

19. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Tele-converter / Tele-Extender
A Tele-Converter/Tele-Extender is normally used to increase the focal length of a lens.
But that increased focal length lens combo now has the same close focusing range as the original lens.
Tele-converters also increase any optical problems with the lens.
Tele-converters require exposure compensation equal to their increased focal length. I.E. a 2X tele-converter requires a 2-stop increase in exposure.

20. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Tele-converter / Tele-Extender
A Tele-Converter/Tele-Extender goes between the lens and the camera body.

21. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Using “Auto” focus lenses
Most auto focus lenses when removed from contact with the camera body and the electrical contact points, do not allow aperture adjustment.

22. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Using Combinations
Bellows
Tubes
Focusing Rail
80mm Manual Prime Lens

23. Macro & Close Up: Equipment
Digital View Camera
A View camera with a sliding adapter to mount a DSLR or Digital Back
The bellows can extend for close focusing and it allows for full optical movements of the lens and film standards to control distortion and depth of field combined with digital capture.

24. Macro & Close Up: Depth of Field
Depth of Field Issues
One of the rules of depth of field notes that “The closer the Focal Distance (focal plane to plane of critical focus or, more commonly, camera-to- subject distance) the shallower the depth of field.”
Actually the underlying optical rule is that “The greater the magnification, the shallower the depth of field” which also explains why longer focal length lenses have less depth of field.
Macro photographs are focused VERY close with a lot of magnification and therefore have extremely shallow depth of field.

25. Macro & Close Up: Depth of Field
Depth of Field Issues
The view camera can alter the angle of the plane of focus and often appear to increase depth of field. But optical movements cannot truly increase depth of field and therefore add nothing for subjects with near and far parts that need to be sharp.
Digital has the solution…

26. Macro & Close Up: Depth of Field
Depth of Field Issues
By taking multiple images with different parts of the subject in focus you can blend those frames where the in-focus parts of each is used to simulate increased or even extreme depth of field.
Shooting requires a very stable platform and steady hand so that nothing is moved as the plane of focus is changed for each shot.
You could then blend manually but software makes the editing process much easier
Helicon and Photoshop CS4 to the rescue

27. Macro & Close Up: Depth of Field
Depth of Field Issues
Here is an example that anyone can relate to in terms of size and scale… a pair of push pins.
With 180mm macro only the very tip is in focus at f/11

28. Macro & Close Up: Depth of Field
Depth of Field Issues
Here are individual shots moving the plane of focus from tip to back…

29. Macro & Close Up: Depth of Field
Depth of Field Issues
And here is the assembled stack (Helicon).

30. Macro & Close Up: Conclusion
Some Examples… Close-ups and Macros

31. Macro & Close Up: Q&A
QUESTIONS?