1. The bivalent nature of RNAP–promoter binding.
The bivalent nature of RNAP–promoter binding. (A) Expression was measured for promoters comprising any combination of −35, −10, spacer, UP, and background (BG) elements. (B) Without an UP element, RNAP contacts the promoter at the −35 and −10 sites, giving rise to expression r0 when unbound or partially bound and rmax when fully bound. (C) Having two binding sites alters the dynamics of RNAP binding. kon represents the on-rate from unbound to partially bound RNAP, k̃on the analogous rate from partially to fully bound RNAP, and koff,j denotes the unbinding rate from site j.
Tal Einav, and Rob Phillips PNAS doi: /pnas
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