1. The Political Economy Land And Extractives In Post-Liberalisation Tanzania: Towards A Synthesis
By:
Rasmus Hundsbæk Pedersen, Senior Researcher at DIIS and Roskilde University
Thabit Jacob, PhD at Roskilde University, University of Dar es Salaam and University of Dodoma
DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER

2. Background and main points
Hierarchies of Rights – land and natural resource investments in Africa research programme. Case studies.
From land grabbing to political economy of investments. Three main points:
Improved smallholder position. But still room for improvement.
Linked to pol. econ./electoral dynamics
With advent of state-led development model, ambiguity because of state entities.
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3. The triangular relations of large-scale land based investments
From: Buur, L., et al. (2017). The political economy of land and natural resource investments in Africa. An analytical framework. DIIS WP.
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4. Historical overview
Major change late 1990s: 1999 land acts (+ upgrading of ASM in 1998 Mining Act).
Liberalisation; Formulation by ministry, NGOs, donors. Slow implementation.
New reform wave 2010 onwards (2010 Mining Act Petroleum Act draft Land Policy + implementation focus).
Driven by electoral competition, 2010/2015 gradual shift in ruling party thinking.
Ambiguity for smallholders today.
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5. Case 1: Dangote cement and gas plant
2010 acquisiton, TIC/Dangote.
2200 hectares.
Checks by MP.
Italian investor, no compensation.
Smallholders, even w/out de jure rights compensated.
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6. Case 2: Dangote and TPA port expansion
2015 acquisition TPA/Dangote.
550 hectares.
Check by President.
TSH10 million per acre (20 times).
Only Dangote (25 hectares) finished = Speculation by TPA.
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7. Old vs. new port
Year 2000 Mtwara Port expansion: 2500 hectares, no development, no compensation for ownership:
‘Now things are becoming more complicated. People owning the land have become wiser. People not only want to be compensated, they also want to be resettled (…) MPs always stand in favor of the voters so they start politicizing. They say: Don’t give up your land and if you give it up, make sure the procedures are followed’
(interview w. official, 12 February 2016)
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8. Case 3: Lindi LNG project
Oligark, no compensation.
Smallholders compensated, but ambiguous.
2015 acquisition by local/ministry/IOCs
2072 hectares.
President order.
Photo by Statoil
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9. Mining (and agribusiness)
Mining people now compensated.
Procedural rights limited.
ASM redistribution.
New agribusiness few, outgrower.
Land repossession.
Ambigous, SOEs.
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10. Towards a conclusion Smallholders position improved over time.
No influence on de cisions, but rights more respected.
Linked to changes in political economy.
No unilinearity – more dialectics.
Domestic political economy vs. international and voluntary standards?
DIIS ∙ DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER