1. Present perfect simple and past simple
6.2
1 We use the past simple to talk about an action at a specific time in the past. 1 I went to Australia in We use the present perfect simple to talk about an action when we don’t know the specific time it happened, or when the specific time is not important. 1 I have been to Australia three times. 3 We use the auxiliary verb has/have and the past participle to make the present perfect simple.
2001
2002
2003
now

2. Present perfect simple and past simple
6.2
1 We often use the present perfect simple to start talking about our experiences. A Have you ever climbed a really high mountain? B Yes, I have. I’ve climbed Mount Kinabalu in Indonesia. C No, I’ve never been up any really high mountains. 2 We often put ever/never between the auxiliary and the past participle. Ever means ‘at some time in your life up to now’. Never means ‘at no time in your life up to now’. 3 We usually continue the conversation by giving more details in the past simple. A When did you climb it? Did you go with anyone else? B It was three years ago. I went with my brother and some friends.

3. Present perfect simple and past simple
6.2
1 We use just to mean recently. We put just before the past participle. 1 They’ve just arrived. 2 Have you just got up? 2 We use already to mean before now and is often something expected. We put already before the past participle in positive sentences. 1 I’ve already seen this film. Can we watch something else? 3 We use yet to talk about things that we expected to happen before now, but still haven’t happened. We put yet at the end of the sentence. 1 I haven’t been shopping yet. I’ll go on my way back from work.

4. Present perfect simple and past simple
6.2
1 Put the words in brackets in the correct place in the sentences. 1 Have you travelled alone anywhere? (ever) 2 Has she finished work? (just) 3 My neighbours have returned from holiday. (already) 4 Has he presented his research results? (yet) 5 You haven’t taken the exam, have you? (yet) 6 He’s taken an English exam before, so he’s a bit nervous. (never) 7 We’ve finished this exercise. What shall we do next? (already)