1. Established and putative mediators and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Established and putative mediators and pathways involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. BMPR2: bone morphogenetic peptide receptor 2; VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide; NO: nitric oxide; RANTES: regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; IL: interleukin; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; EGF: epidermal growth factor; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; VEGF: vascular epidermal growth factor; PDK: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase; PDH: pyruvate dehydrogenase.
Nazzareno Galiè, and Ardeschir-Hossein Ghofrani Eur Respir Rev 2013;22:
©2013 by European Respiratory Society