1. Goals and needs for PM monitoring and modeling in Europe
EMEP Workshop on Particulate Matter Measurement & Modeling
April 20-23, 2004, New Orleans, LA
Goals and needs for PM monitoring and modeling in Europe
Jürgen Schneider
Chairperson EMEP SB
Project Manager at WHO for Air Quality and Health (AIQ)
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health

2. Content
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
The Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP)
Review of the Gothenburg Protocol
Needs
Air quality protection in the EU
Existing legislation
The Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) Programme

3. LRTAP WHO European Centre for Environment and Health Artic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean CA US EE LV LT BY PL UA RO HU BG TR GR AZ GE AM KG FI SE NO DK DE NL IE ES PT IT CH AT GB HR BA AL MK FR BE CZ MD SK SI YU L U . KZ RU TM UZ TJ MT CY

4. LRTAP
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
8 protocols: EMEP (financing instrument); SOx (2x); NOx; VOC; POPs; HM; and MPME (Gothenburg Protocol addressing S, NOx, NHy, VOC-> acidification, eutrophication and O3)
Non of them is directly addressing PM, but important precursors BUT:
Assessment of cost and benefits:
PM-related (ancillary) benefits seem to outweigh any other (environmental and health) benefits by far

5. LRTAP Regional character of fine PM For Gothenburg protocol review
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Regional character of fine PM
Source: Puxbaum et al., 2004
For Gothenburg protocol review
PM related health effects high up on the agenda!

6. LRTAP How to define PM targets? PM limit values
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
How to define PM targets?
PM limit values
Sources related regulations
„Effect-based“ approach – reduce overall effects at minimal costs
Result:
Not a universal AQ standard, but rather a emission reduction strategy that reduces health impact effecively!

7. LRTAP
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Integrated assessment is used to identify effective emission reduction strategies
IAM is a to link the effects of changes in emissions of air pollution (e.g., by introducing abatement measures) on levels of air pollution and/or effects on health
Needs:
Emissions: reporting guidelines request data on activities, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 (EMEP)
AQ data: monitoring strategy for PM (EMEP)
Models: EMEP unified Eulerian model extended to cover PM (EMEP)
IAM that covers PM (EMEP)
Effect related indicator: Review of health aspects of air polution with PM (WHO)

8. LRTAP WHO Systematic review of PM pollution
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
WHO Systematic review of PM pollution
PM pollution at current levels has been linked to several severe health endpoints, including a marked reduction in life expectancy
No no-effect threshold could be identified
Fine PM mass is (still) an appropriate indicator for assessing health effects, even though
Toxicology indicates importance of HM, OC, endotoxins and UF particles
Coarse PM is linked to some morbidity endpoints, probably independent of fine PM
Further decrease in PM pollution is likely to have considerable health benefits

9. RR from time-series studies
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health

10. LRTAP
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
TF on Health (WHO) recommendations for integrated assessment modelling:
Reduction of life expectancy as health endpoint
Use of PM2.5 as indicator for PM related health effects
RR from extended ACS (JAMA: Pope, 2002)
Linear concentration-response function
No counterfactual level, but only anthropogenic fraction
What is needed:
Annual mean of (anthropogenic) fine PM mass for rural and urban background
Population data (including life tables)

11. LRTAP
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Use of IAM
Construct Business as usual scenario (‚baseline scenario‘)
Assess impact of BAU on environmental objectives
Investigate costs and effects of additional control options
Optimisation mode: „maximum effects for minimum costs“
Goal of the optimisation: For a given set of environmental targets (e.g., maximum reduction in concentration or effects) find the least-cost set of measures
Some sources are more strongly linked than others via the atmosphere to ‘sensitive’ receptors, i.e. a densely populated area (as indicated by the source-receptor relationships)
Some sources are cheaper to control than others (as indicated by the cost curves)

12. LRTAP Integrated Assessment modelling with RAINS
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Integrated Assessment modelling with RAINS
Validated atmospheric model that link anthropogenic emissions to ambient PM levels
Projections for energy, traffic, industry, agriculture,..
Emission data, sector specific

13. LRTAP What is needed? The EMEP unified Eulerian model is able to
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
What is needed?
A model that links anthropogenic emissions of primary PM and precursors of secondary PM to ambient levels of fine PM at rural and urban locations to calculate source-receptor relationships
The EMEP unified Eulerian model is able to
Calculate the regional component of main anthropogenic PM fractions (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium, some primary components) with enough accuracy for the assessment of the outcome of different control measures

14. LRTAP
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
But needs to be
developed further for the full assessment of the anthropogenic fraction of PM2.5 including a proper understanding and description of secondary organic aerosol formation (differentiation of prim./sec. and anthropogenic/biogenic)
Illmitz Illmitz Ispra Ispra
modelled observed modelled observed

15. Conclusions We need within the Convention
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
We need within the Convention
Models that link the main anthropogenic emissions sources to fine PM levels; this requires (better) understanding of the atmospheric processes
Monitoring: Spatial patterns of main species contributing to (fine) PM mass
Trend information

16. EU Air quality policy European Union AQ policies Some differences:
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
European Union AQ policies
Some differences:
Regional, urban and local air pollution
Geographical coverage
‘Compliance regime’: Infringement procedure

17. EU Air quality policy
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
One of the objectives of the 6th EAP is to establish
..... a high level of quality of life and social well being for citizens by providing an environment where the level of pollution does not give rise to harmful effects on human health and the environment.

18. EU Air quality policy
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Air quality directives (Air quality framework directive & daughter directives)
NEC Directive (ceilings for S, NOx, Nred, VOC)
Several source related directives (mobile, LCP, industrial installations, waste treatment,…)
Product regulations (fuel, VOC,..)

19. EU Air quality policy Air Quality Directives
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Air Quality Directives
Define and establish objectives for ambient air quality in the EU; 1. DD: LV for PM10 (daily and annual);
Assess ambient air quality in the EU using common methods and criteria (ref method, siting criteria,...);
Produce adequate information on ambient air quality and ensures its availability to the public;
Maintain ambient air quality where it is good and improve it in other cases -> necessity to comply with LV.

20. EU Air quality policy Air Quality Directives request
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Air Quality Directives request
Assessment of pollution levels throughout the territory: mainly based on monitoring; ~ 1000 PM10 sites are operated currently in Europe; however, data are sometimes of unknown quality; no mandatory monitoring of composition!
Up-to-date information of the population -> automated methods for PM monitoring; however, reference method is manual gravimetric method
Compliance with a LV at a given years -> necessity to calculate projections for total PM10 mass, taking into account regional, urban and local contributions

21. EU Air quality policy Clean Air for Europe
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Clean Air for Europe
 This programme of technical analysis and policy development will lead to the adoption of a thematic strategy on air pollution in mid 2005.
The thematic strategy will contain a long-term, strategic and integrated policy advice to protect against significant negative effects of air pollution on human health and the environment and might be followed by conrete policy proposals.

22. EU Air quality policy
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
For PM, an expert group was established; the group finalised a position paper on PM recently
The PM Working Group recommends
the use of PM2.5 rather than PM10 as the principal metric for assessing exposure to PM
no single PM level at this time. Rather, values within the range 12 to 20 µg/m³ should be used as an input to the integrated assessment procedure
the use of alternative approaches, such as gap closure or targets, to supplement (but not replace) the use of limit values.
setting up of ~ 20 supersites (different mass fractions; chemical composition, #concentration,..)

23. WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Reduction of exposure!

24. Conclusions
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
We need within CAFE (in addition to what is needed for LRTAP):
Assessment of levels throughout the territory of PM10 and PM2.5 (annual + daily)
Projections of PM mass
Differentation between local/regional and transboundary component of PM

25. Thanks! http://www.euro.who.int/air http://www.emep.int
WHO European Centre for Environment and Health
Thanks!