1. The Gas Laws

2. The Gas Laws Boyle’s Law Amonton’s Law Charles’s Law Combined Gas Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law
Avogadro’s Law
Dalton’s Law

3. Boyle’s Law
Pressure
Volume
At a constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

4. Boyle’s Law
1/Pressure
Volume
At a constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

5. Boyle’s Law 1 P µ V PV = k P1V1 = P2V2
At a constant temperature, pressure is inversely proportional to volume.
P µ 1 V
PV = k
P1V1 = P2V2
Year: 1662

6. Amonton’s Law P µ T P1 T1 = P2 T2 “Air thermometer”, 1695.
This is not Gay-Lussac’s law.
Diagram from

7. Amonton’s Law P µ T P1 T1 = P2 T2
This is why you measure your tire pressure when the tire is cold. Tire pressures vary
with temperature.
P µ T P1 T1 = P2 T2

8. Amonton’s Law
Amonton’s air thermometer was used to find the value of absolute zero.
Measure the pressures of a gas at various temperatures at a constant volume.

9. Finding Absolute Zero -273 C Pressure Temperature (C)
Extrapolate to the x-axis
Temperature (C)

10. Charles’s Law
Volume
Temperature
At constant pressure, volume is directly proportional to temp.

11. Charles’s Law V µ T V T = k V1 T1 = V2 T2
At constant pressure, volume is directly proportional to temperature.
V µ T V T
= k V1 T1 = V2 T2

12. Charles’s Law Studied gases during 1780’s.
Hydrogen balloon assents, 3000 m, in 1783.
Collaborated with the Montgolfier brothers on hot air balloons, 1783.
Charles’s gas studies published by Gay-Lussac in1802.

13. Charles’s Law
Hydrogen balloon assent, 3000 m, 1783.

14. Combined Gas Law
P µ 1 V T
gives
P µ T V

15. Combined Gas Law T P µ V kT P = V Next we convert
to an
equation by adding a constant.
P = kT V

16. Combined Gas Law
Rearranging the equation gives:
= k PV T
P = kT V

17. Combined Gas Law
Combining the laws of Boyle, Amonton and Charles produces the combined gas law.
= k PV T

18. Combined Gas Law P2V2 P1V1 k k = = T2 T1
Consider a confined gas at two sets of conditions. Since the number of molecules is the same and the values of k are the same, then we can combine the two equations.

19. Combined Gas Law
P1V1 T1 = k
P2V2 T2 = k
P1V1 T1 =
P2V2 T2

20. Combined Gas Law P1V1 T1 = P2V2 T2
Use the combined gas law whenever you are asked to find a new P, V or T after changes to a confined gas.
P1V1 T1 =
P2V2 T2

21. Sample Combined Gas Law Problem
Consider a confined gas in a cylinder with a movable piston. The pressure is atm. Find the new pressure when the volume is reduced from mL to 65.0 mL, while the temperature remains constant?
100 mL
65 mL

22. Sample Combined Gas Law Problem
Start with the equation for the combined gas law.
100 mL
65 mL

23. Sample Combined Gas Law Problem
P1V1 T1 =
P2V2 T2
100 mL
Since the temperature is constant, we can cancel out T1 and T2.
65 mL

24. Sample Combined Gas Law Problem
P1V1 =
P2V2
This becomes Boyle’s Law
100 mL
P1V1 = V2 P2
Next, solve for P2.
65 mL

25. Sample Combined Gas Law Problem
P1V1 = V2 P2
100 mL
(0.950 atm)(100.0 mL) =
65.0 mL P2 = P2
1.46 atm
65 mL

26. Combined Gas Law Problems
1. A sample of neon gas has a volume of 2.00 L at 20.0 C and atm. What is the new pressure when the volume is reduced to L and the temperature increases to 24.0 C?
The answer is
2.43 atm

27. Combined Gas Law Problems
2. Some “left over” propane gas in a rigid steel cylinder has a pressure of 24.6 atm at a temperature of 20.C. When thrown into a campfire the temperature in the cylinder rises to 313C. What will be the pressure of the propane?
The answer is
49.2 atm

28. Combined Gas Law Problems
3. Consider the fuel mixture in the cylinder of a diesel engine. At its maximum, the volume is 816 cc. The mixture comes in at atm and 31 C. What will be the temperature (in C) when the gas is compressed to 132 cc and 42.4 atm?
The answer is
1837 C

29. Gay-Lussac’s Law Also known as the law of combining volumes.
At a given temperature and pressure, the volumes of reacting gases are in a ratio of small, whole numbers.
Year: 1802

30. 2:1 Gay-Lussac’s Law 2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(g)
Gay-Lussac found that the volumes of gases in a reaction were in ratios of small, whole numbers.
2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(g)
200 mL of hydrogen reacts with 100 mL of oxygen.
2:1

31. Gay-Lussac’s Law 2 H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(g)
The ratio of volumes of gases come from the ratios of the coefficients in the balanced equation.

32. Avogadro’s Law V µ n V n = k V1 n1 = V2 n2
Avogadro’s law followed Dalton’s atomic theory and Gay-Lussac’s law.
Year: 1811.
V µ n V n
= k
Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure have equal numbers of molecules. V1 n1 = V2 n2

33. Dalton’s Law Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 …
Dalton’s law of partial pressures deals with mixtures of gases.
The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures:
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 …
Use when dealing with the pressure of H2O(g) when collecting a gas over water.

34. Dalton’s Law “Collecting a gas over water”
Inverted gas collecting bottle
Rubber tubing carrying H2 gas
Flask with metal and HC l
Water in trough

35. Dalton’s Law “Collecting a gas over water”
Inverted gas collecting bottle
Rubber tubing carrying H2 gas
Flask with metal and HC l
Water in trough

36. Dalton’s Law
Water is displaced through the mouth of the bottle as H2 gas bubbles in.
H2 gas
Flask with metal and HC l
Water in trough

37. Dalton’s Law
A mixture of hydrogen gas and water vapor is in the collection bottle.
H2 gas
Flask with metal and HC l
Water in trough

38. Dalton’s Law
The pressure of the mixture is the sum of the pressures of H2O gas and H2 gas.
H2 gas
Flask with metal and HC l
Water in trough

39. Ptotal = PH2O + PH2 Dalton’s Law Flask with metal and HC l
H2 gas
Flask with metal and HC l
Water in trough

40. Sample Problem
The total pressure in the bottle is torr. The temperature is 19 C. What is the H2 pressure?
H2 gas
Flask with metal and HC l
Water in trough

41. Sample Problem
At 19C, the vapor pressure of water is 16.5 torr. The H2 pressure is …
H2 gas
Flask with metal and HC l
Water in trough

42. Sample Problem PH2 = Ptotal - PH2O
PH2 = torr – 16.5 torr = torr
H2 gas
Flask with metal and HC l
Water in trough

43. Another Problem
A pressure sensor is attached to a sealed flask containing 80.0 mL of mercury at 50.0 C. The pressure sensor indicates 693 torr. The pressure of the air inside the empty flask at 50.0 C is 684 torr. Determine the vapor pressure of mercury at 50.0 C.

44. Ptotal = P1 + P2 Another Problem
A pressure sensor is attached to a sealed flask containing 80.0 mL of mercury at 50.0 C. The pressure sensor indicates 693 torr. The pressure of the air inside the empty flask at 50.0 C is 684 torr. Determine the vapor pressure of mercury at 50.0 C.
Ptotal = P1 + P2

45. Ptotal = Pair+ PHg Another Problem
A pressure sensor is attached to a sealed flask containing 80.0 mL of mercury at 50.0 C. The pressure sensor indicates 693 torr. The pressure of the air inside the empty flask at 50.0 C is 684 torr. Determine the vapor pressure of mercury at 50.0 C.
Ptotal = Pair+ PHg

46. PHg = Ptotal - Pair Another Problem
A pressure sensor is attached to a sealed flask containing 80.0 mL of mercury at 50.0 C. The pressure sensor indicates 693 torr. The pressure of the air inside the empty flask at 50.0 C is 684 torr. Determine the vapor pressure of mercury at 50.0 C.
PHg = Ptotal - Pair

47. PHg = 693 torr – 684 torr Another Problem
A pressure sensor is attached to a sealed flask containing 80.0 mL of mercury at 50.0 C. The pressure sensor indicates 693 torr. The pressure of the air inside the empty flask at 50.0 C is 684 torr. Determine the vapor pressure of mercury at 50.0 C.
PHg = 693 torr – 684 torr

48. PHg = 9 torr Another Problem
A pressure sensor is attached to a sealed flask containing 80.0 mL of mercury at 50.0 C. The pressure sensor indicates 693 torr. The pressure of the air inside the empty flask at 50.0 C is 684 torr. Determine the vapor pressure of mercury at 50.0 C.
PHg = 9 torr

49. More on the gas laws: