1. POPULATION & DEMOGRAPHIC
PYRAMIDS TRANSITION

2. Demographic Transition Model
Demographic Transition - the change in population characteristics of a country to reflect medical technology or economic and social development.
Stage 1
Very high CBR
Very High CDR
Very Low NIR
Stage 2
Still high CBR
Rapidly declining CDR
Very high NIR
Stage 3
Rapidly declining CBR
Moderately declining CDR
Moderate NIR
Stage 4
Very low CBR
Low, slightly increasing CDR
0 or negative NIR

3. Demographic Transition

8. Demographic Transition Model STAGE 1 (8000 BCE to 1750 CE)
RECAP Characteristics:
-food supply & farming unpredictable, thus CBR and CDR fluctuated frequently (ex. Hunters & gatherers)
CBR: High / 1,000 CDR: High / 1,000
NIR: little to none; less than 0.05%,
Long doubling times of the order of 1-5,000 yrs.
Today, no country in the world is in Stage 1.
Stage One is sometimes referred to as the "High Stationary Stage" of population growth

10. Demographic Transition- STAGE 2 “Population Explosion”
Characteristics:
2nd agricultural revolution takes places & the beginning of the Industrial Revolution
N. America & Europe entered Stage 2 after 1750 w/ IR
Medical Revolution
Medical tech. invented in Europe & N. America diffused into LDC such as penicillin, vaccines, & insecticides; therefore pop. lives longer
Africa, Asia, & Latin America entered around 1950
CBR: High 40+ / 1, Crude Death Rate: Lower 15 / 1,000
Natural Increase Rate: Very High 25+/1,000
Doubling Time: yrs.

12. STAGE 2 “Population Explosion”
Change in the age structure of the pop.
The decline in death rates in Stage 2 entails the increasing survival of children.
Population becomes increasingly youthful, b/c takes time for culture to change and due to religious beliefs

19. Demographic Transition - STAGE 3
RECAP
As the wealth and education of a country increases, social norms, and use of contraception dictate the birth of fewer children per woman.
Many people live in cities that are not accommodating to large families
Crude Birth Rate: Lower / 1,000
Crude Death Rate: Low / 1,000
Natural Increase Rate: Low / 1000
Pop. Continues to grow b/c CBR is higher than CDR
Doubling Time: about 65 yrs.

22. Demographic Transition - STAGE 4
4th stage sees the population increase rate again at 0. This stage reflects a highly industrialized, educated society.
More women in workforce, birth control methods, later marriages, better healthcare
Crude Birth Rate: Low / 1,000
Crude Death Rate: Low / 1,000
Natural Increase Rate: virtually None 0 / 1,000
Zero Population Growth is defined at the TRF that results in a lack of change in the total pop. Over a long term
TRF of about 2.1 produces ZPG

27. Population Population Terms Population Growth Population Distribution
Population Density
Population Characteristics
Population Pyramids
Demographic Transition
Solutions to Population Growth

28. Solutions to Population Growth
Education
Birth Control
Socialization
Abortion
Sterilization
Government mandate
Population redistribution

29. Solutions to Population Growth
Migration to resource rich areas
Empowerment of Women
$ for contraception & education
Improving farming techniques in poor areas
Sterilization
Educating men w/ responsibility for birth control
Changing cultural norms to value girls

30. Solutions to Population Growth
Addressing traditional religious values that may encourage gender preference and large families
Starvation
Medical technology - costs of maintaining vulnerable populations (old & young)
Disease
Biological Warfare

31. Solutions to Population Growth
Redistribution of wealth - improve standard of living for poor so that children aren’t as necessary
Addressing government policies to deal with their growing populations
Environmental pollution causing higher death rates

32. Population Futures: China, India, Japan
Declining pop.
Discourages immigration
Faces a labor shortage
With more women in workforce can lead to even lower birth rate and lower NIR

33. Population Futures: China, India, Japan
After independence in 1947 CDR sharply declined, but CBR remained high
Due to lg. pop. growth the gov’t enacted a national family- planning program (ex. birth control distribution, abortions, sterilizations)
Programs went away due to opposition to the sterilization
Current gov’t programs have emphasized education but w/ limited success
Sterilization is still #1 birth control method

34. Population Futures: China, India, Japan
One Child Policy: adopted in 1980 has been success in reducing growth rates
Pros: couples get financial subsidies, long maternity leave, better houses, land
Other ways China has decreased growth rates: free contraceptives, abortions, & sterilizations
Policy has been relaxed more in urban areas, and couples can pay to have an additional child