1. Debate issues Sabine Mendes Lima Moura Issues in Research Methodology
PUC – English Programme

2. What is (are) the meaning (s) of research?
Search for definitions:
“a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.”
“systematized effort to gain new knowledge.”
“the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art.”

3. What are the objectives of our research?
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research
studies);
4. To test a hypothesis (or answer research questions) of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).

4. Motivation in research
What motivates you? What are your concerns?

5. What are we doing?
Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present.
In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

6. What are we doing?
Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem or working to understand a relevant question facing a society or an industrial/business organisation.
Fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory.

7. What are we doing?
Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or toreinterpret existing ones.
Empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research,coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment.

8. What are we doing?
Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.
Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. For instance, when we are interested ininvestigating the reasons for human behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain things),we quite often talk of ‘Motivation Research’, an important type of qualitative research.
Is there a quali-quantitative intermediate position?

9. What are we doing? Qualitative versus Quantitative
Qualitative approach to research is concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behaviour. Research in such a situation is a function of researcher’s insights and impressions. Such an approach to research generates results either in non- quantitative form or in the form which are not subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis.

10. What are we doing? Differentiating characteristics Goals
Quantitative: tests theory, establishes facts, shows relationships, predicts, or statistically describes
Qualitative: develops grounded theory, develops understanding, describes multiple realities, captures naturally occurring behavior
Research design
Quantitative: highly structured, formal, and specific
Qualitative: unstructured, flexible, evolving

11. What are we doing? Differentiating characteristics Participants
Quantitative: many participants representative of the groups from which they were chosen using probabilistic sampling techniques
Qualitative: few participants chosen using non- probabilistic sampling techniques for specific characteristics of interest to the researchers
Data, data collection, and data analysis
Quantitative: numerical data collected at specific times from tests or surveys and analyzed statistically
Qualitative: narrative data collected over a long period of time from observations and interviews and analyzed using interpretive techniques

12. What are we doing? Differentiating characteristics Researcher’s role
Quantitative: detached, objective observers of events
Qualitative: participant observers reporting participant’s perspectives understood only after developing long-term, close, trusting relationships with participants
Context
Quantitative: manipulated and controlled settings
Qualitative: naturalistic settings

13. The (traditional) research process: do we see ourselves in it?
1) Formulating the research problem
2) Extensive literature survey/review
3) Development of working hypotheses or research questions
4) Preparing the research design
5) Determining sample design

14. The (traditional) research process: do we see ourselves in it?
6) Collecting the data
7) Execution of the project
8) Analysis of data
9) Hypothesis-testing
10) Generalisations and interpretation
11) Preparation of the report

15. Criteria of Good (Traditional) Research
Good research is systematic
Good research is logical
Good research is empirical
Good research is replicable

16. Can we come up with our own set of criteria? And how far can we go?